1. CHAPTER 9: Eastern Peoples & Eastern Religions

2. Columbian Exposition 1893 in Chicago World’s Parliament of Religion o Swami Vivekananda o Anagarika Dharmapala o Soyen Shaku

3. Asian Exclusion harassment & discrimination immigration laws o 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act o 1907 Gentlemen’s Agreement o 1924 Oriental Exclusion Act Japanese internment camps

4. Looking from Europe & the East Coast of the U.S. Nearer East – Eastern Orthodoxy Middle East – Islam & Baha’i Farther East – Hinduism & Buddhism

5. Eastern Orthodoxy in America Russian Orthodox o earliest to arrive Greek Orthodox o largest branch in America other national churches e.g.) Romanian, Serbian

6. Eastern Orthodox Churches “right religion” patriarchates: Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem autocephalous churches autonomous churches

7. Eastern Orthodox Practice Divine Liturgy Hesychasm Icons o point of connection to sacred o 8 th- & 9 th -century controversy

8. Eastern-Western Split within Christianity opposed primacy of Roman Pope o “filioque” controversy Pope excommunicated Bishop of Constantinople 4 th Crusade in Constantinople

9. Islam in America Muslim slaves African American Muslims o Nation of Islam Arab & European Muslim immigrants Immigration Act of 1965

10. Religion of Islam Muhammad Allah Qur’an umma jihad

11. Pillars of Islam 1)confession of faith 2)prayer 5x a day 3)alms 4)fast during Ramadan 5)hajj

12. Forms of Islam Sunni – caliphs Shiite – imams o line of Ali o await the Mahdi Sufi – sheikhs o mysticism

13. Developments in America mosques as Islamic centers Muslim Students Association Islamic Society of North America September 11 th, 2001

14. Baha’i “completes” previous religions Baha’u’llah age of universal unity & peace equality & reverence for living things forbids partisan politics

15. Hindu Religion religions of India Brahman & Atman monism polytheism puja

16. Yoga “union & the discipline to achieve it” 3 broad paths to the divine o bhakti o karma o jnana Hatha yoga

17. Early Export Forms of Hinduism Vedanta Society o Vivekananda o raja yoga Self-Realization Fellowship o Yogananda o kriya yoga

18. Later Export Forms of Hinduism Transcendental Meditation o Maharishi Mahesh Yogi ISKCON o “Hare Krishnas” o A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada

19. Post-1965 Hinduism temple culture o ecumenical guru culture

20. Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama Four Noble Truths Eightfold (Middle) Path 1)human suffering has a cause 2)the cause of suffering is desire 3)there is a way to end suffering 4)the way to end it is to end desire

21. Major Forms of Buddhism Theravada – Southeast Asia o arhat Mahayana – China & Japan o bodhisattva Vajrayana (Tantric) – Tibet o mystical union with divinity

22. Buddhists in U.S. early sympathizers o Transcendentalists o Theosophists monks & lay Buddhists o Pure Land Buddhist immigrants o Tibetan refugees

23. Buddhist Meditation popular export forms of Buddhism Rinzai Zen o koans Soto Zen Vipassana Insight Meditation

24. Trends of American Buddhism “Church” or “Temple” Buddhism “Convert” Buddhism “Missionary” Buddhism o Nichiren Shoshu o Soka Gakkai International, USA

25. Expansion, Contraction, & Combination postpluralism Healthy-Happy-Holy Organization o 3HO o Yogi Bhajan o kundalini yoga, Tantric & Sikh

26. OVERVIEW Near East – Eastern Orthodoxy Middle East – Islam & Baha’i Farther East – Hinduism & Buddhism ethnic & export forms in U.S.