1. Grade 7 BIOLOGY Mr. Anderson
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Grade 7
BIOLOGY
Mr. Anderson

2. KINGDOM PLANTAE CHARACTERISTICS
Eukaryotic
Autotrophic
Multicellular
Cell walls made of cellulose
EX: ferns, mosses, flowering plants, pine trees
Non-examples: algae!

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Taxonomy
Plants are divided into two groups
Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials
Called Vascular System
Vascular Bundles
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4. Plant Classification Non-vascular Vascular
No vascular tissue (xylem & phloem)
Reproduce with spores instead of seeds
Need water to get sperm to egg
Reproduction: Alternation of generations
Live in moist, shady environments
No roots, stems, leaves
Ex: bryophytes (moss), liverworts
Vascular
Have vascular tissue (xylem & phloem)
Can be seeded or seedless

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Vascular System
Xylem tissue carries water and minerals upward from the roots
Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used
Sap is the fluid carried inside the xylem or phloem
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6. Nonvascular Plants
Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materials
Called Bryophytes
Require a constantly moist environment
Sporophyte stage
Gametophyte Stage
Moss Gametophytes & Sporophytes
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Nonvascular Plants
Plants can’t grow as tall
Cells must be in direct contact with moisture
Materials move by diffusion cell-to-cell
Sperm must swim to egg through water droplets
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Nonvascular Plants
Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta)
Liverworts
Hornworts
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9. Main Parts of Vascular Plants
Shoots
-Found above ground
-Have leaves attached
- Photosynthetic part of plant
Roots
-Found below ground
-Absorb water & minerals
-Anchor the plant
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Vascular Plants
Also called Tracheophytes
Subdivided into two groups -- Seedless vascular plants and Seed-bearing vascular plants
Club Moss
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11. Seedless Vascular Plants
Includes club moss (Lycophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns (Pterophyta)
Whisk ferns
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Horsetails

12. Seed-Producing Vascular Plants
Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones
Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators and produce seeds
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Gymnosperms
Coniferophyta are known as conifers
Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir
Cycadophyta – cycads
Ginkgophyta - ginkgo
Cycad
Ginkgo
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Gymnosperms
Contains the oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine (about 4700 years old)
Contains the tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood (379 feet tall – 30 foot diameter and 110 foot circumfrance)
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Angiosperms
Flowering plants
Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary
Ovary is within a flower
Flower contains the male (stamen) and/or female (ovaries) parts of the plant
Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries (help disperse seeds)
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Angiosperms
Division Anthophyta
Subdivided into two groups – Monocots and Dicots
Monocots have a single seed cotyledon
Dicots have two seed cotyledons
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Monocots
Parallel venation in leaves
Flower parts in multiples of 3
Vascular tissue scattered in cross section of stem
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Dicots
Net venation in leaves
Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5
Vascular tissue in rings in cross section of stem
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Plant Uses
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20. Why We Can’t do Without Plants!
Produce oxygen for the atmosphere
Produce lumber for building
Provide homes and food for many organisms
Prevent erosion
Used for food
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21. More Reasons We Can’t do Without Plants!
Produce wood pulp for paper products
Source of many medicines
Ornamental and shade for yards
Fibers such as cotton for fabric
Dyes
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22. http://www. watchknowlearn. org/Video. aspx

23. PLANT ANATOMY

24. Plant Anatomy ROOTS Anchor plant in ground Absorb water & nutrients
Sometimes store food for the plant (potatoes or carrots)
Types:
Fibrous- long hair like fibers (grass)
Tap- one thick main root (carrot)
Adventitious- roots grow from stem or other plant part (strawberry plant)

25. Plant Anatomy STEMS Support growth above ground
Contain Xylem & Phloem (vascular bundle)
Xylem carries water up to leaves
Phloem carries sugar down to roots
Types
Tubers- enlarged stem underground (potato)
Bulbs- enlarged stem underground that can be divided into smaller bulbs (garlic, onions)

26. Plant Anatomy LEAVES Site of photosynthesis Types:
CO2 + H2O + light= C6 H12 O6 + O2
Types:
Simple- one leaf blade
Compound- several leaf blades attached to same stem
Tendrils- used for climbing (vines)
Spines/Needles- small surface area to reduce water loss in desert or cold climate (taiga)
Pitcher shape/Venus fly trap- captures bugs to get nitrogen so they can make amino acids and proteins
Thick- thick & fleshy to store water

27. Leaf Shapes & Margins (may be used in dichotomous key)

28. Leaf Anatomy
Waxy cuticle- made of lipids, prevents water loss, protection
Epidermis- upper & lower surface for protection (like skin)
Palisade layer- oval shaped cells on upper surface; site of most photosynthesis
Spongy layer- has many canals to allow O2 & CO2 to circulate
Vascular bundle- holds xylem (water pipe) and phloem (glucose pipe)
Xylem carries water to leaf for photosynthesis
Phloem carries glucose made by photosynthesis to other parts of plant.
Stomata- openings in leaf that let O2 & CO2 in and out
Guard cells- control opening/closing of stomata. (filled w/water they open stomata)

29. Review of Photosynthesis
CO2 is brought in thru stomata, water is brought in from roots- meet at chloroplast in palisade layer of leaf
Sunlight splits water into hydrogen, oxygen, and electrons
Several hydrogens, oxygens, and CO2 combine to form glucose C6H12O6 which is linked together and stored as starch in plants & used for energy
Some of the oxygen is released as gas thru stomata

30. Wind pollinated flower
Plant Anatomy
FLOWERS
Used in sexual reproduction
Reproductive organ of plant
Types:
Complete- have all parts (see next slide)
Incomplete- missing 1 or more parts
Perfect- have both male & female parts
Imperfect- either male or female
Some flowers are colorful or smell good to attract pollinators
Those that are not colorful, showy, or smelly may use wind as a pollinator.
Wind pollinated flower

31. Flower Anatomy Petals- colored part attracts pollinator
Sepals- surround & protect petals before blooming
Pedicel- where flower attaches to stem.
Pistil- female parts
Stigma- sticky to catch pollen
Style- tube connecting stigma to ovary
Ovary- holds ovules (potential seeds); becomes fruit
Ovules- will become seeds if fertilized
Stamen- male parts
Anther- makes & stores pollen
Filament- connects anther to flower; pushes pollen close to sticky stigma (self fertilization) or pollinators

32. Plant Anatomy SEEDS Produced after pollination Become newborn plant
Types: (method of dispersal)
Inside fruit- attracts animals to eat & poop out seeds elsewhere
Hitchhikers- attach to fur or clothing for dispersal
Wind- able to float in air
Water- able to float in water
Seeds need to be dispersed so they don’t compete with parent plant for water, nutrients, sunlight
Seeds are good adaptations for land plants b/c
Retain moisture
Protect from injury or environment (cold)

33. Seed Anatomy Seed coat- protects seed from dehydration and weather
Cotyledon/endosperm- internal starch storage (food source b/c it doesn’t have leaves yet for photosynthesis)
Radicle- becomes first root
Hypocotyl- becomes first stem
Epicotyl- becomes first leaf

34. Plant Anatomy FRUITS The ripened ovary of plant containing seeds
Protect seeds
Attracts animals for seed dispersal
Anything that contains seeds is a fruit- yes, even tomatoes & bell peppers!
Types:
Dry- bean pod
Fleshy- juicy like peach, apple

35. REPRODUCTION

36. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN MOST PLANTS
Self-pollination: pollen fertilizes ovules of its own flower.
Cross-pollination: pollen fertilizes ovules of a different flower on separate plant
Pollen holds “sperm”
Pollen creates pollen tube that “eats” its way thru style to ovary
Plant sperm can travel down tube to ovary to fertilize ovules and make seeds.
Flower petals fall off, ovary thickens & fills with sugars and becomes fruit (not all plants make fruits- some just release seeds)

37. Alternation of Generations
Plant alternates between a sexual and asexual stage of life
Gametophyte (haploid)- makes sperm or egg that join to make sporophyte
Sporophyte (diploid)- makes spores that become gametophytes
EX: mosses, ferns

38. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN MOST PLANTS
Vegetative propagation
New plants form from roots, stems, or leaves
Natural process for many species
Ex: runners, rhizomes, bulbs
Artificial propagation
Grafting
Cut one plant and attach to another
Cuttings
Cut plant and sprout roots from stem
Tissue culture
Grow plant tissues in culture dish in laboratory
Like cloning

39. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES

40. How are plants influenced by the environment?
Photoperiodism
Respond to changes in light
Ex: morning glories bloom in morning, some desert flowers bloom at night to attract bats, deciduous trees drop leaves when days become shorter (less light)
Moisture
Xerophytes- can survive in dry conditions (cactus)
Hydrophytes- can survive in wet conditions (water lilies)

41. How are plants influenced by the environment
Phototropism
Tropisms- how plants move toward (positive) or away (negative) from a stimulus
Phototropism
light
Gravitropism
gravity
Thigmotropism
Touching a structure
Hydrotropism
water
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Gravitropism

43. How are plants adapted to their environments?
Tundra (cold & dry)
Small- get radiant heat that bounces off ground
May have wooly covering to conserve heat
Fast growing/reproducing (shorter summers so have to reproduce quickly)
Taiga (cold & dry)
Needles have waxy coating to conserve water in winter
Thick bark to conserve heat
Desert (hot & dry)
Succulents- store water in stem or leaves
Spines- deter herbivores from eating them & reduce surface area to reduce transpiration (water loss from leaf)
Deciduous forest (cool, dry winters)
Drop leaves to prevent water loss
Rainforest (shady under canopy)
Large broad leaves to catch sunlight that filters thru canopy
Drip tips to prevent excess water & mold
Grassland (sunny, fire prone)
Roots create a mat under soil & go on for miles, regenerate quickly after fire
Some trees need heat from fire to open up seed cones

44. INTERNAL INFLUENCES

45. How are plant behaviors controlled internally?
Hormones- send messages thru plant to illicit responses
Gibberelins- stimulate growth in stem (pushes flowers up in air to attract pollinators)
Auxins- controls when leaf & fruit fall off tree
Component of Agent Orange- made leaves fall off trees so enemy easier to see.
Ethylene gas- controls ripening of fruit & flowers
“one bad apple spoils the bunch”
Fruit farmers use ethylene blankets to absorb ethylene to keep fruit from spoiling on way to store