1. Respiratory System Chapter 7
Pathology

2. Pathology COPD Asthma Bronchiectasis Emphysema
Allergic disorder characterized by episodes of wheezing
Bronchiectasis
Emphysema
The progressive loss of lung function due to a decrease in the total number of alveoli, the enlargement of the remaining alveroli, and the progressive destruction of their walls
Smoker’s respiratory syndrome (SRS)

3. Pathology Upper Respiratory Diseases
Diphtheria – acute infectious disease of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the presence of diphtheria bacteria. It can be prevented through immunization.
Influenza – also known as the flu. Is an acute, highly contagious viral respiratory infection, spread by respiratory droplets, that occurs most commonly during the colder months. Some strains of influenza can be prevented by annual immunization.
Pertussis – also known as whooping cough. A contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by a paroxysmal cough. Can be prevented through immunization.

4. Pathology Epistaxis Rhinorrhea Sinusitis Upper Respiratory Infections
Commonly know as a nosebleed
Rhinorrhea
Sinusitis
Upper Respiratory Infections
Allergic rhinitis
Croup an acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by a seal-like barking cough

5. Pathology Pharynx & Larynx
Pharyngitis – also known as a sore throat, is an inflammation of the pharynx
Pharyngorrhea – a discharge of mucus from the pharynx
Laryngospasm – a sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx
Pharyngorrhagia - bleeding from the pharynx
Laryngoplegia – paralysis of the larynx

6. Pathology Lungs ARDS Pneumorrhagia Pulmonary edema Atelectasis TB
collapsed lung
Incomplete expansion of the lung TB

7. Pathology Voice disorders
Aphonia – loss of the ability to produce normal speech sounds
Laryngoplegia?
Dysphonia – any voice impairment including hoarseness, weakness, or loss of voice
Laryngitis – an inflammation of the larynx. Commonly used to describe voice loss caused by the inflammation.

8. Pathology Trachea & Bronchi Tracheitis
Bronchitis – an inflammation of the bronchial walls. Usually caused by an infection. May also be caused by irritants such as smoking
Bronchorrhea – an excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi
Tracheorrhagia – bleeding from the trachea
Bronchorrhagia – bleeding from the bronchi

9. Pathology Pleural cavity
Pleurisy – an inflammation of the visceral and parietal pleura in the thoracic cavity
Pneumothorax – an accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space causing the lung to collapse. This may have an external cause such as a stab wound that perforates the chest wall. May also be caused internally by a perforation in the pleura surrounding the lung that allowed air to leak into the pleural space.
Hemothorax

10. Pathology Pleural cavity
Empyema – also known as pyothorax, is an accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. This is usually the result of a primary infection of the lungs. Can also be used to describe pus in other body cavities.
Hemoptysis
Coughing up blood
Pleuralgia
Pleural effusion – abnormal escape of fluid into the pleural cavity that prevents the lung from fully expanding. (Effusion is the escape of fluid from blood or lymphatic vessels into the tissues or a cavity.)

11. Pathology
Lungs
Pneumonia – an inflammation of the lungs in which the air sacs fill with pus and other liquid. This fluid is known as an exudate, which means accumulated fluid in a cavity that has penetrated through vessel walls into the adjoining tissue.
Bacterial pneumonia – commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, is the only form of pneumonia that can be prevented through vaccination.
Viral pneumonia
Lobar pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
Double pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia occurs when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

12. Pathology Lungs Environmental and Occupational Lung Diseases
Pneumoconiosis – abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs that usually develops after years of environmental or occupational contact. This causes cell death and fibrosis (hardening) of the lung tissues. Named for the causative agents.
Anthracosis – also known as black lung disease, caused by coal dust in the lungs
Asbestosis – caused by asbestos particles on the lungs
Byssinosis – brown lung disease
Silicosis - grinder’s disease

13. Pathology Lungs Pulmonary Fibrosis Cystic Fibrosis
a genetic disorder in which the lungs are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus. Antibiotics are administered to control lung infections but DO NOT cure the disease , and daily physical therapy, known as postural drainage, is performed to remove excess mucus from the lungs
The digestive system is also impaired by thick gluelike mucus that interferes with digestive juices. Digestive enzymes are administered to aid the digestive system.

14. Pathology Breathing Disorders Eupnea – easy normal breathing Bradypnea
Sleep apnea
Dyspnea – shortness of breath, difficult or labored breathing
Tachypnea abnormally rapid respirations
Apnea – the absence of spontaneous respiration

15. Pathology Breathing Disorders
Cheyne-Stokes – (CSR) a pattern of alternating periods of hyperpnea (rapid breathing), hypopnea (slow breathing), and apnea.
Hypopnea is shallow or slow respiration
Hyperpnea an abnormal increase in depth and rate of respirations
Hyperventilation

16. Pathology Lack of O2 Airway obstruction
Anoxia – absence of oxygen from inspired gases. If anoxia continues for more than four to six minutes, irreversible brain damage may occur.
Asphyxia – also known as suffocation, is any interruption of breathing resulting in the loss of consciousness or death. May be caused by an airway obstruction, drowning, smothering, choking, or inhaling gases such as carbon monoxide.
Asphyxiation also known as suffocation
Cyanosis – bluish discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen.
Hypoxia
Respiratory Failure

17. Treatments Medications Nose & Throat Bronchoconstrictor?
Bronchodilator?
Nose & Throat
Septoplasty
Sinusotomy
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FSS)
Pharyngoplasty?

18. Treatments Nose & Throat continued Pharyngostomy Pharyngotomy?
Laryngectomy – surgical removal of the larynx
Laryngoplasty
Endotracheal intubation

19. Treatment Trachea & Bronchi Tracheoplasty Tracheorraphy Tracheotomy
Tracheostomy
An incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the
Airway below a blockage
Emergency procedure
Stoma

20. Treatment Lungs, Pleura, & Thorax
Pneumonectomy – the surgical removal of all or part of a lung
Lobectomy – the surgical removal of a lobe of the lung. This term also is used to describe the removal of a lobe of the liver, brain, or thyroid gland
Thoracotomy – a surgical incision into the wall of the chest
Pleurectomy – surgical removal of part of the pleura

21. Treatment Lungs, Pleura, & Thorax
Thoracentesis – the puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity for diagnostic purposes, to drain pleural effusions, or to reexpand a collapsed lung
Thoracostomy – the surgical creation of an opening into the chest

22. Treatment Respiratory therapy
Supplemental oxygen – may be administered through a nasal canula or rebreather mask to add more oxygen to the air taken in as the patient breathes
Postural drainage

23. Treatment Respiratory therapy
Ventilator – a mechanical device for artificial ventilation of the lungs that is used to replace or supplement the patient’s natural breathing function. The goal is to wean the patient from the ventilator and to resume breathing on his own
Respirator – a machine used for prolonged artificial respiration. For example, when a spinal cord injury destroys the natural breathing mechanism, the patient can continue to breathe through the use of a respirator.