1. Metacompetence and repair
Examples

2. repair metacompetence
Velar nasal
Produce Polish words e.g. ręka, bank, gang, angielski, pielęgniarka, punkt
Produce English words e.g. longer, stronger, younger /g/
Remove the context of a velar plosive and produce it only mentally /lo + g/, stron + ger
/ / - velar nasal - articulatory description
CA: Polish – different distribution, produced only before velar consonants /k/ /g/, always /k/ lub /g/
e.g. ręka [rka], bank, gang, angielski, pielęgniarka, punkt

3. repair metacompetence
Divide nonsense words into syllables e.g. king - /ki - g/, tongue - /t - g/
Produce the second element only mentally
Memory peg: 'car racing' sound, kinaesthetic feedback

4. repair metacompetence
Aspiration
Produce Polish sentences being irritated
e.g. No który, który ?! [ktu:r]
Tylko on ! [tlk]
Kto to tutaj tak tupie ?!
Code-switch into English
e.g. Tim told me that terrible tale.
Pass the pepper will you please.
Articulatory description – puff of air
CA – aspiration in Polish - in highly emotional speech, expressing irritation
Tactile mode: props (matches, feather)
Mountain climbing

5. repair metacompetence
E. glottal /h/ vs. P. velar /x/
METAPHONOLOGY – glottal /h/ - murmur, breathing sound
e.g. /h/ + ome,
/h/ + ouse,
/h/ + igh,
/h/ + ello
Articulatory description: glottis
CA – different place of articulation - clear contrast (velar vs. glottal fricative)
Memory peg - dog panting sound, breathing deeply when examined by a doctor

6. repair metacompetence
E. alveolars vs. P. dentals /t/ /d/ /s/ /z/
'Foreigner talk' - pretending a foreigner speaking Polish with an English accent (L1 with L2 accent)
e.g. To tata tutaj tak tupie
Zuzanna zawsze zjada zapiekankę
Samochód Sama sunie sam
Articulatory description – tongue position
CA: different place of articulation
Assimilation of place of articulation in front of post-alveolars taught explicitly
Articulatory warm-up – tongue tip activation (a series of quick taps in the alveolar region)

7. repair metacompetence
Assimilation of place of articulation (in front of post-alveolars)
e.g. /t/ & /d/ dental  alveolar
e.g. trzymać [t  ] 
[ t ]
matczyny [ t t [ tt]
drzewo [d  ]  [ d ]
odczepić [d t [ tt]

8. repair metacompetence
Weak vowel reduction
High vowels can undergo complete reduction, especially in unstressed position in casual speech
e.g. prez(y)dent ['przdnt]
uniwers(y)tet [ui'vrstt]
w og(ó)le ['vgl], na prz(y)kład
ENG: secret(a)ry, ord(i)nary, cam(e)ra
Stressed / unstressed syllables
Visual reinforcement:
- reduced vowels crossed out
- text with only schwa transcribed
e.g  teach came t me

9. repair metacompetence
Max centralisation of low and mid vowels to // at the end of an utterance in casual speech
Kinaesthetic: clapping, banging stressed syllables OR props – elastic band

10. repair metacompetence
Word stress
non-penultimate stress in Polish !? in casual speech
e.g. pre'zydent – 'prezdent
w 'ogóle - 'w ogle
Stress shift
e.g. 'photograph, pho'tographer, photo'graphic
'politics, po'litical, poli'tician
Kinaesthetic – showing the stress

11. repair metacompetence
Dark velarized []
REGIONAL – Kresy Wschodnie, stage Polish e.g. lampa
Application into English
e.g. table, pool, doll, aisle, fatal, able
Articulatory description - velarised apico-alveolar in non-pre-vocalic positions
Kinaesthetic feedback:
- contact the tongue, suck in air
- say interchangeably /l/ & []
HIST. – old Polish [] changed into [w]

12. E. palato-alveolars vs. P. post-alveolars & alveolo-palatals
/t/ /d/ // //
// // /t/ /d/
// // /t/ /d/
LOAN WORDS – palatalised variants of Polish post-alveolars  Eng. palato-alveolars
e.g. Chile, Czilijczyk, dżinsy, dżip, dżin, żigolo

13. Final obstruents devoicing
Emphasis e.g. "Powiedziałam kod, a nie kot"
We add a vowel - after full release vowel offglide (Pol. voicing assimilation) + and

14. Regressive sandhi voicing (voicing assimilation)
DIALECT - pre-sonorant – the voicing of any preceding word-final obstuents varies geographically:
a) VOICING PRONUNCIATION - Śląsk, Wielkopolska, Małopolska
np. kot albo [kd alb]
brat ojca [ d ]
państw ameryki [w a]
b) DEVOICING PRONUNCIATION – Mazowsze, Pomerania
np. kot albo, kod albo [kt alb]

15. Pre-obstruent voicing
voiced obstuent in the onset – voicing context for voiceless consonants in the coda – the whole area of Poland
las brzozowy [z b] dogs bark [z b]
kotek Basi [g b] food good [d g]

16. /r/ variants retroflex post-alveolar, tap in intervocalic positions
P. – alveolar trill, roll
Polish rendition of e.g. kara is English flap-like //

17. tr-, kr-, pr- devoiced fricative obstruent
liquid sonorants usually undergo partial devoicing following voiceless obstruents
e.g. klej, prać, plotka clay, pray, play
word finally following a voiceless obstruent
e.g.
wiatr [vjatr]
świekr, akr [kr]
cepr, bóbr [pr]
pomysł [pmsw]
rytm [rtm]

18. Palatalization DIALECT
a) some dialects softening before each // e.g. geografia
b) in some dialects (e.g. Warszawa, Lublin) no palatalization at all
e.g. kiedy [kd], krótki [krutk], kij [kj]
Eng. - very weak or no palatalisation in pre-palatal contexts

19. Desyllabification (insertion of a syllable boundary) REPAIR – fortition
P. – palatal nasals e.g. pani /i/ vs. pan i jego pies
e.g.
need  n + id
minute  mine + jut
beneath  ben + eath
new  n+ ju
Other consonants in palatalisation-prone contexts
e.g. keen  k+ in

20. Vowel contrasts E. /i:/ vs // P /i/ vs / /
LOAN WORDS – new minimal pairs:
/plastik/ materiał vs. /plastk/ zawód
/trik/ sztuczka vs. /trk/ samiec owcy
/tik/ ~ nerwowy vs. /tk/ ~ zegara
OR free variation
e.g. business, grill i / 

21. Vowels – //  /e/
Polish // raised to /e/ in the context of palatal consonants
e.g. pieniądz, pieśń

22. Clusters
presence P. vs. absence E. of release of the first sound in clusters
e.g. willa, lekki, oddaj, motto - in casual speech
non-homorganic clusters – unreleased stop
E. e.g. adopt, apt, perfect
P. e.g. ponadto, odtwarzać - casual speech – no release

23. Assimilation & elision
pies szczeka [pjes tka] 
[pje tka]
pas zielony [z e]  [  e ]
to wszystko [sk]
nie wiem [n'm]