1. "One Billion High Emitters: An Individual Perspective on Emissions and Reductions" M. Tavoni, PEI CMI 9 th Annual Meeting, Feb. 9 th 2010

2. 2 China/US ratio Total EmissionsPer Capita Emissions Rio:199248%10% Kyoto:199755%12% 2008125%30%

3. 3 Benchmarks for guiding the transition to a low carbon society in a continuously evolving world Look beyond national averages, focus on the individual – How many people emit how much now and in the future and where ? Estimate carbon emission distribution for 150 countries, projections for 16 regions Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, July 21, 2009, vol. 106 no. 29, pp. 11884-11888 “A focus on individuals can guide nations towards a low carbon world” S. Chakravarty, R. Socolow, M. Tavoni, Climate Science and Policy, 2009

4. Three broad category of global individual emitters (tCO2/yr) Low: <2 Middle: 2-10 2~Brasil, 10~Europe High: >10 ActivityAmount producing 4 ton CO 2 /yr emissions a) Drive24,000 km/yr, 5 liters/100km b) Fly24,000 km/yr c) Heat homeNatural gas, average house, average climate d) Lights 300 kWh/month when all coal-power (600 kWh/month, natural-gas-power)

5. Global population and emission distribution in 2003…

6. … and 2030

7. Reactions … press coverage “500 million richest people are responsible for 50 percent of emissions, while the poorest 50 percent accounts for only seven percent of emissions” H. Chavez, speech at COP15 in Copenhagen where are (and will be) the low, middle and high emitters ?

8. Countries responsibilities (population share) over time 2-10 <2 >10 Population distribution across 4 regions

9. Countries responsibilities (population share) over time 2-10 <2 >10 Population distribution across 4 regions

10. A look at China Population change 2030-2003 Population in 2030 >10+299356 2-10+319922 <2-460175 CHINA

11. A look at China Population change 2030-2003 Population in 2030 >10+3465 2-10+55145 <2+1165 MIDDLE EAST

12. A look at China Energy Poverty: low and very low emitters in 2030

13. A look at China Building a proposal for determining countries’ responsibilities to mitigation from the individual level

14. 14 People ranked by individual emissions globally

15. 15 Individual Emissions Cap 15

16. 16 Individual Emissions Cap Some people exceed the individual cap 16 Emissions Floor

17. 17 National Emissions Target Required Reductions Individual Emissions Cap +++++ + = = People in a nation determine national cap For example, the proposal is applied to the U.S. here.

18. Combine a global-emissions cap and an individual-emissions floor Individual cap: without floor: 10.8 t CO 2 with floor: 9.6 t CO 2 1

19. Might China and the OECD reach a deal? Dashed lines: EIA Business As Usual Solid lines: Global cap is 30 GtCO 2 in 2010, 33 GtCO 2 in 2020, 30 GtCO 2 in 2030. China U.S. Rest of world Rest of OECD

20. Look beyond Copenhagen: benchmark for adjusting countries responsibilities over time towards a low carbon world Individual emissions can provide a useful guideline. The high emitters (>10tCO2) category is the most relevant, and the one where the biggest regional shifts will occur Keep focus on the low emitters. The world’s poor do not need to be denied fossil fuels.

21. BACK UP slides

22. What does 1 tCO 2 /person-yr allow today? Direct Energy Use Household rate of use (4.5 people) Individual emissions (kgCO 2 /yr) Cooking1 LPG canister per month 120 Transport70 km by bus, car, motorbike per day 220 Electricity800 kWh per year160 Total500 1 tCO2/yr: Double the “direct” emissions to account for “indirect” emissions.

23. Emissions embedded in trade (production minus consumption) MtCO2% of country emissions US-439-7.3% Switzerland-63-122% Australia57.916.5% ANNEX B-822-5.6% MtCO2% of country emissions China58517.8% India716.9% Mozambique-2.8-172.4% NON ANNEX B 8228.1% Source: Peters and Hertwich, 2007

24. Regional emissions in 2030 30 Gt global cap, 10.8 individual cap For a 30 GtCO 2 global cap in 2030, four regions have comparable assignments Non-OECD minus China 30 Gt global cap, 10.8 t individual cap U.S. China OECD minus U.S.