1. Progressive Tense
We learned that PERFECT tense always has a helping verb and a main verb.
The MAIN verb is ALWAYS past tense.
The tense of the helping verb depends on whether it is past perfect, present perfect, or future perfect.

2. Present Perfect
Helping Verb is PRESENT tense + PAST tense main verb = Present Perfect
He (laugh- present perfect)
He has laughed.
They (sit- present perfect)
They have sat.
Past Perfect
Helping verb is PAST tense + PAST tense main verb = Past perfect
He had laughed.
They had sat.

3. Future Perfect
Future tense helping verb (will have) + PAST tense main verb = future perfect
He will had laughed at twenty jokes by then.
They will have sat for an hour by the time you arrive.

4. How Television Helped My Dad
My dad will have always hated shots. Since he was a young boy, he will have avoided them like the plague. Just from nervousness, he had dropped several pounds over the years. He will have even cancelled appointments with his doctor. He has missed ten appointments before he turned forty. Now he had decided on a new doctor. His new doctor had warned him, though. When dad goes for his next shot, he had conquered his fear– or else.
This doctor had reminded my dad of this showdown several times. As a consequence, my dad and mom has started trying to overcome my dad’s fear. In the last two weeks, he will have watched several TV shows about doctors and hospitals. Dad thinks that watching the programs had already helped him a little. We are all confident that before his next visit, he has defeated his longtime fear.

5. Progressive Tense AKA “Continuous”
Progressive tense puts –ing at the end of the verb.
This implies the action is continuing for some time.
They are laughing.
They are sitting.

6. Present Progressive: The cake is baking slowly.
Past Progressive: The trees were waving back and forth.
Future Progressive: The children will be laughing.

7. Combining Perfect and Progressive
To combine the two, you will need the helping verb (have) from perfect tense + the –ing from progressive tense.
Present Perfect Progressive
“have been laughing”
Past Perfect Progressive
“had been laughing”
Future Perfect Progressive
“will have been laughing”

8. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
If a verb takes an object, it is transitive.
They played soccer.
Leila wrote the poem.
Both kicked and wrote have an object.
A verb is intransitive when it does not take an object.
She lies.
Mary smells.
The dog barked.
None of these verbs take an object.

9. “They sent him a postcard.” Is it transitive or intransitive?
It is transitive.
However, there are actually two objects here.
They sent him a postcard.
Which would be direct and which would be indirect?

10. A direct object answers the question “what?” or “whom?”
They sent him a postcard.
Find the subject (they)
Find the verb (sent)
What did they send? A postcard.

11. Indirect Object
An indirect object answers the question "to whom?", "for whom?", "for what?"...
An indirect object receives the direct object
An indirect object will NEVER exist without a direct object!
They sent him a postcard.
What did they send? A postcard. (D.O.)
For whom? For him (I.O.)
“Him” is receiving “the postcard”.

12. A sentence can still make sense without an indirect object, but not without its direct object.
You can still say
“They sent a postcard.”
But not,
“They sent him.”

13. Try these… Jill showed Tom a diagram of a large ant colony.
Labels on the diagram told them the purpose of each room.
In one of the rooms, the queen lays her eggs.
Most of the other rooms give the ants a place to rest.
The worker ants build nurseries for the young ants.
These insects perform some useful tasks.
Tom showed the class the honey-making process.
We learned bees also pollinate flowers and crops.
Adult hornets and yellow jackets eat only liquids.
They do, however, feed young hornets and other insects.

14. Predicate Nouns, Predicate Adjectives
Predicate Noun: follows a linking verb, identifies or renames subject
Keats was a great English poet.
Poet= Predicate noun
Keats is the subject. The P.N. is defining what he was.
Predicate Adjective: follows a linking verb, describes the subject
His poems remain popular after 150 years.
Popular= predicate adjective
His poems are the subject. Remain is the verb. “Popular” is describing his poems.

15. Try these… Shelley and Byron were also writers of the same period.
Poetry is a special use of language.
Poetry often looks different from other forms of writing.
It usually sounds special too.
Lord Byron and Percy Shelley were great poets.
They and Shelley’s wife, Mary, were also good friends.
A book of mystery stories was their favorite entertainment.
After a while, they became adventurous and challenged each other to a story-writing contest.
Competition with the two great poet’s was a challenge to Mary’s imagination.
Her Frankenstein was the wonderful result of this strange bet.

16. Active and Passive Voice
Active voice: The subject performs action
Ex: Electric motors run high-speed trains.
Subject? Electric motors
Verb? Run
The motors run the train.
Passive Voice: the subject receives the action
- High speed trains are run by electric motors.
- Subject? Trains
- Verb? Run
- The trains are run by electric motors.

17. Cars are used by nearly everyone.
Future drivers are given safety tips.
Air quality has been improving recently.
Everyone considers fuel conservation important

18. What are key quotations from the story that indicate character motive?
Character Notes Take notes as you read the story (at least 10) where you note characterizations, change in character, and other important events CITE all your notes Finally, answer these questions in 2-3 sentences.
What are key quotations from the story that indicate character motive?
How did the characters change and when?
How did the relationships in the story form?
How did the relationships make change more easy to occur for Jim? For Hemholtz?