1. BIOCHEMISTRY

2. CHEMISTRY OF LIFE Elements: simplest form of a substance - cannot be broken down any further without changing what it isElements: simplest form of a substance - cannot be broken down any further without changing what it is Ex. C, H, O, N, FeEx. C, H, O, N, Fe Atom: the actual basic unit - composed of protons, neutrons, and electronsAtom: the actual basic unit - composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons

3. THE ATOM Just like cells are the basic unit of life, the ATOM is the basic unit of matter.Just like cells are the basic unit of life, the ATOM is the basic unit of matter. They are very small. If placed side by side one million would stretch a distance of 1cm.They are very small. If placed side by side one million would stretch a distance of 1cm. The atom is made up of 3 particles.The atom is made up of 3 particles. ParticleCharge PROTON PROTON+ NEUTRONNEUTRAL ELECTRON-

4. Electrons are not present within the atom, instead THEY REVOLVE AROUND THE NUCELUS OF THE ATOM & FORM THE ELECTRON CLOUDElectrons are not present within the atom, instead THEY REVOLVE AROUND THE NUCELUS OF THE ATOM & FORM THE ELECTRON CLOUD ++ - - PROTONS NEUTRONS ELECTRONS ATOMIC # = 2 (PROTONS) ATOMIC MASS = 4 (PROTONS & NEUTRONS)

5. ISOTOPES atoms of the same element that HAVE A DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONSatoms of the same element that HAVE A DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS Some isotopes are radioactive. This means that their nuclei is unstable and will break down at a CONSTANT RATE over time.Some isotopes are radioactive. This means that their nuclei is unstable and will break down at a CONSTANT RATE over time. There are several practical uses for radioactive isotopes:There are several practical uses for radioactive isotopes: 1.CARBON DATING 2.TRACERS 3.KILL BACTERIA / CANCER CELLS

6. COMPOUNDS a substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements in definite proportionsa substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements in definite proportions –Ex: water, salt, glucose, carbon dioxide

7. The cell is a COMPLEX CHEMICAL FACTORY containing some of the same elements found in the nonliving environment.The cell is a COMPLEX CHEMICAL FACTORY containing some of the same elements found in the nonliving environment. carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) are present in the greatest percentagescarbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) are present in the greatest percentages Elements and Life

8. TWO TYPES OF COMPOUNDS Organic - Contain C&H in some ratio (usually referred to as chemicals of life)Organic - Contain C&H in some ratio (usually referred to as chemicals of life) –Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids Inorganic - usually "support" life - no specific ratio of C&HInorganic - usually "support" life - no specific ratio of C&H –Water (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

9. CHEMICAL BONDS Chemical bonds hold the atoms in a molecule together.Chemical bonds hold the atoms in a molecule together. There are 2 types of chemical bonds IONIC and COVALENTThere are 2 types of chemical bonds IONIC and COVALENT

10. IONIC BONDS Occur when 1 or more electrons are TRANSFERRED from one atom to another.Occur when 1 or more electrons are TRANSFERRED from one atom to another. When an atom loses an electron it is a POSITIVE charge.When an atom loses an electron it is a POSITIVE charge. When an atom gains an electron it is a NEGATIVE chargeWhen an atom gains an electron it is a NEGATIVE charge IONS: Charged particles formed when electrons are lost or gainedIONS: Charged particles formed when electrons are lost or gained –Example: Na+

12. COVALENT BONDS Occur when electrons are SHARED by atoms.Occur when electrons are SHARED by atoms. ** In general, the more chemical bonds a molecule has the more energy it contains** In general, the more chemical bonds a molecule has the more energy it contains SHARING IS CARING!

13. FORMULA The chemical symbols and numbers that compose a compound ("recipe")The chemical symbols and numbers that compose a compound ("recipe") Structural Formula – Line drawings of the compound that shows the elements in proportion and how they are bondedStructural Formula – Line drawings of the compound that shows the elements in proportion and how they are bonded Molecular Formula – the ACTUAL formula for a compoundMolecular Formula – the ACTUAL formula for a compound C2H6OC2H6OC2H6OC2H6O

14. Organic Compounds Found in Living Things Biochemistry Basics

16. CARBOHYDRATES Why are carbohydrates important?Why are carbohydrates important? Living things use carbohydrates as a key source of ENERGY!Living things use carbohydrates as a key source of ENERGY! Plants use carbohydrates for structure (CELLULOSE)Plants use carbohydrates for structure (CELLULOSE) –include sugars and complex carbohydrates (starches) –contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

17. Monosaccharides (simple sugars) all have the formula C6 H12 O6all have the formula C6 H12 O6 all have a single ring structureall have a single ring structure –(glucose is an example)

18. Disaccharides (double sugars) Sucrose (table sugar) is an exampleSucrose (table sugar) is an example

19. Polysaccharides Formed of three or more simple sugar unitsFormed of three or more simple sugar units Glycogen - animal starch stored in liver & musclesGlycogen - animal starch stored in liver & muscles Cellulose - indigestible in humans - forms cell wallsCellulose - indigestible in humans - forms cell walls Starches - used as energy storageStarches - used as energy storage

20. How are complex carbohydrates formed and broken down?

21. Dehydration Synthesis Combining simple molecules to form a more complex one with the removal of waterCombining simple molecules to form a more complex one with the removal of water –ex. monosaccharide + monosaccharide ----> disaccharide + water –(C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ----> C12H22O11 + H2O Polysaccharides are formed from repeated dehydration syntheses of waterPolysaccharides are formed from repeated dehydration syntheses of water –They are the stored extra sugars known as starch

23. Hydrolysis Addition of WATER to a compound to SPLIT it into smaller subunitsAddition of WATER to a compound to SPLIT it into smaller subunits –ex. disaccharide + H2O ---> monosaccharide + monosaccharide C12 H22 O11 + H2 O ---> C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6

25. Lipids (Fats) Why are lipids important?Why are lipids important? Chiefly function in energy storage, protection, and insulationChiefly function in energy storage, protection, and insulation Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but the H:O is not in a 2:1 ratioContain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but the H:O is not in a 2:1 ratio Tend to be large molecules – that are insoluble in waterTend to be large molecules – that are insoluble in water

26. Lipids Lipids are formed from the union of one glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acidsLipids are formed from the union of one glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids 3 fatty acids + glycerol ----> (lipid)3 fatty acids + glycerol ----> (lipid) Lipids along with proteins are key components of cell membranesLipids along with proteins are key components of cell membranes

27. PROTEINS contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogencontain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen composed of MANY amino acid subunitscomposed of MANY amino acid subunits The basic amino acid form has a carboxyl group on one end, a methyl group that only has one hydrogen in the middle, and a amino group on the other end.The basic amino acid form has a carboxyl group on one end, a methyl group that only has one hydrogen in the middle, and a amino group on the other end. Attached to the methyl group is a R group.Attached to the methyl group is a R group.

28. *R-Groups vary producing different amino acids *20 amino acids exist in living things

29. Why are Proteins important? Growth and repairGrowth and repair EnergyEnergy Carrying out chemical reactions(enzymes)Carrying out chemical reactions(enzymes)

30. Polypeptide (protein) composed of three or more amino acids linked by synthesis reactionscomposed of three or more amino acids linked by synthesis reactions Examples of proteins include insulin, hemoglobin, and enzymes.Examples of proteins include insulin, hemoglobin, and enzymes. ** There are an extremely large number of different proteins.** There are an extremely large number of different proteins. The bases for variability include differences in the number, kinds and sequences of amino acids in the proteinsThe bases for variability include differences in the number, kinds and sequences of amino acids in the proteins

31. NUCLEIC ACIDS in all cellsin all cells composed of NUCLEOTIDEScomposed of NUCLEOTIDES store & transmit heredity/genetic informationstore & transmit heredity/genetic information Nucleotides consist of 3 parts:Nucleotides consist of 3 parts: 1. 5-Carbon Sugar1. 5-Carbon Sugar 2. Phosphate Group2. Phosphate Group 3. Nitrogenous Base3. Nitrogenous Base

32. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains the genetic code of instructions that direct a cell's behavior through the synthesis of proteinscontains the genetic code of instructions that direct a cell's behavior through the synthesis of proteins found in the chromosomes of the nucleusfound in the chromosomes of the nucleus

33. RNA (ribonucleic acid) directs cellular protein synthesisdirects cellular protein synthesis found in ribosomes & nucleolifound in ribosomes & nucleoli