1. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 1 Lecture 2 – Psyco 350, A1 Winter, 2011 N. R. Brown

2. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 2 Outline A Little History Information Processing & the Modal Model Memory Systems Aspects of Modal Model: –STM vs LTM: Serial Position Curve –Properties of STM Capacity: Span Task Duration/Forgetting: Brown Peterson Task Retrieval: Sternberg Task

3. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 3 A Very Little Bit of History

4. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 4 Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) Father of Memory Research Memory stripped of meaning Inventor of the nonsense syllable (DAX, FOZ, KIR) Discoverer of: –Learning curve –Forgetting function

5. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 5 Fredrick Bartlett (1850-1909) Impact of prior knowledge and meaning on memory. Most important ideas: –reconstruction –schemata

6. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 6 Verbal Learning Emerged from Behaviorism Focus: –relationship between external variables and human memory performance –forgetting and theories of forgetting Approach: –Rigorously conducted, list learning (often paired associate) experiments

7. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 7 Historical Precedence Ebbinghaus Behaviorism Bartlett Verbal Learning Information Processing Cog Psych Contemporary Memory Research

8. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 8 And Now … Cognitive Research Memory Research

9. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 9 Information Processing  Core metaphor: human mind as serial computer To understand/describe computer behavior, specify: –hardware –software –available data

10. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 10 Information Processing To understand/describe human behavior, specify: the cognitive architecture (hardware) –identify components & their general function: –characterize components in terms of: capacity speed accuracy a cognitive task analysis (software & data)

11. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 11 Information Processing Cognitive Task Analysis (software & data): What are the mental operations required to perform a task? How are the operations sequenced? What information is involved in task? How is the information accessed? How is it represented? How is it altered during the processing?

12. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 12 A Simple Computer Architecture Input devices/registers Active memory and processing Inactive (but accessible) memory

13. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 13 Modal Model of Memory The standard model of memory Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) Four components –Sensory registers –Short-term memory –Long-term memory –Control processes

14. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 14 Modal Model of Memory

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18. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 18 Modal Model: Component Functions 1. Sensory stores : function: buffers sensory input for selection and identification 2. Short-term Memory function: temporal storage during processing 3. Long-term Memory function: store declarative & procedural knowledge declarative -- knowing that procedural -- knowing how 4. Attention function: Selection and transfer from sensory stores Maintenance of information in STM Selection and scheduling of tasks

19. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 19 Multiple (Long-term) Memory Systems Long-term memory involves several sub- components Different memory systems for different types of information

20. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 20 Multiple Memory Systems Memory –Declarative Memory (explicit memory) Semantic memory –“permanent,” decontextualized knowledge Episodic memory –“forgettable” event memories –Nondeclarative memory (implicit memory) Procedural memory Classical conditioning Priming

21. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 21 Memory as Everything – A Simple Demonstration (read &) store 1 st #:[84] blue = WM (read &) store 2 nd #:[57] Retrieve-execute:[2-digit addition strategy] red = procedural retrieve top ones digit:[4] memory retrieve bottom ones digit:[7] retrieve addition fact:[4+7=11] green = semantic store ones sum:[1] memory retrieve-execute:[carry operation] –retrieve top tens digit:[8] –retrieve addition fact:[8+1=9] –store new top tens digit:[9] retrieve top tens digit[9] retrieve bottom tens digit:[5] retrieve addition fact:[9+5=14] store tens sum[14_] Retrieve, combine sums[14; 1  141] State answer:“141”

22. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 22 Modal Model: Evidence STM – LTM Distinction Assumption: –dual stores – STM & LTM: small amount of info held briefly in STM rehearsal enables and is required for transfer from STM to LTM Support: serial-position-curve phenomena

23. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 23 Free Recall & the Serial Position Curve Memory Tests Recognition Uncued Serial Cued Recall FREE

24. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 24 Free Recall Task List #1 – 15 words Instructions: There are 15 words on this list. When I say to, please write down as many of these words as you can.

25. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 25 Free Recall Task List #2 – 15 words; 20 s delay Instructions: There are 15 words on this list. When I say to, please write down as many of these words as you can.

26. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 26 Free Recall & the Serial Position Curve Free recall: – uncued recall of studied items – order of output unconstrained Manipulate a variety of: –Encoding factors (e.g. presentation rate) –Storage factors (e.g., delay) Dependent variable: –% recalled as a function of serial position

27. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 27 Serial Position Curve Primacy: Good recall for 1 st few items Recency: Good recall for last few items on list

28. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 28 Modal Account of the Serial Position Curve Recency Effect produced by read-out from STM Primacy & “pre-recency” reflect information retrieved from LTM “Transfer” from STM to LTM caused by rehearsal. Implications: –Primacy & Prerecency:  w/ rehearsal –Recency: unaffected by rehearsal

29. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 29 Rundus (1971): Rehearsal & the Serial Position Curve Materials –20-word list –presentation rate: 5 s/word Task(s): –During study – overt rehearsal –During test – free recall

30. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 30 Rundus: Rehersal Protocols

31. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 31 Relation between Rehearsal & Recall Analysis: –# rehearsals for each word (position) –% recall for each word (position) Results: –“For a given amount of rehearsal, items from the initial serial positions are no better recalled than items from the middle of the list” – Rundus, 1971, p. 66

32. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 32 Relation between Study-time (Rehearsal) & Recall Glanzer & Cunitz (1966) manipulate study- time. Assume: study time & rehearsal related Results: –Primacy & Prerecency:  w/ study time –Recency: unaffected by rehearsal stydstyd

33. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 33 Relation between Filled Delay & Recall Glanzer & Cunitz (1966) Manipulate retention interval. Assume filled delay replaces contents of STM Results: –Primacy & Prerecency: un affected by delay –Recency  as delay  stydstyd

34. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 34 Amnesia & Serial Position Baddeley & Warrington (1970) H.M. – removal temporal lobe and hippocampus Clobbered Explicit memory. Yet – on immediate test, recency intact stydstyd

35. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 35 Dissociation: Evidence for Dual Store Dissociation – when “a single variable has different affects on two or more measures.” Evidence for separate stores, processes, or representation. Many variables have dissociative effect on the prerecency & recency portion of serial position curve. PrerecencyRecency Study time  = Post-list distraction=  Ant. Amnesia  = List Length  = Word Frequency 