1. Information Processing

2. History In response to Behaviorism, a cognitive model of mind as computer was adopted (1960’s, 70’s) Humans process, store, encode, retrieve… bytes of information and the emphasis is on understanding the underlying metal procedures.

3. Basic Memory Terminology Encoding: how you transform a sensory input into some kind of representation that can be placed in memory Storage: how you retain encoded information in memory Retrieval: how you access information stored in memory

4. Information Processing Paradigm Sensory Memory: encodes information duration is very short. Attention or Short Term Memory or Working Memory: (Processing and Storage component) Storage area that holds information for a short period of time. –e.g., Loading dock or Analogy to mental workbench Long-term Memory: Storage area in which information can be held for longer periods of time, possibly permanently. –e.g., Warehouse or analogy to file cabinet.

5. The Standard Memory Model

6. Short Term Memory Short Term Memory: The limited-capacity memory component for temporary information storage. How much you can store. Memory Span: (span of apprehension): # of items that can be recalled immediately after a presentation (in order). Capacity: Magic # 7 + 2 ‘bytes’ or Chunks: The limit of information that can be encoded, held, and reported from immediate memory (memory span). Duration: approximately 1 - 2 minutes

7. Short Term Memory Terminology Chunk: A group of information, unit of memory. The Bottleneck of STM: How can we function at such a high level cognitively with such a small STM capacity? Recoding: Process of grouping objects together (forming larger chunks). –e.g., recall the following:

8. Chunking Example PLDVNQSRBUEF

9. Chunking Example IBMPBSUSANFL

10. Chunking Example PLDVNQSRBUEF Or… IBMPBSUSANFL We can chunk the second into units of three letters rather than units containing one letter each

11. Tulving’s Multiple Memory Systems Three memory systems Procedural: Processing routines “How to information”. Associations of stimuli and responses Declarative:General knowledge, meaning related. Knowing “that” about something. –Semantic: Memory for word meanings, names, etc… –Episodic: Memory for events, time related

12. Tulving’s Memory Systems

13. The Rehearsal Buffer Rehearsal: The deliberate mental repetition or practicing of to-be-learned material. Two functions of Rehearsal: –Maintain information in STM by simple repetition or recycling –Transferring information to LTM

14. Two types of rehearsal Maintenance Rehearsal: Focus on the to-be- remembered items, but no focus on what the items “mean” or how they are related to what you already know. Elaborative Rehearsal: Focus on what the to-be- remembered items “mean” and how they are related to things that you already know. –What’s active then? The to-be-remembered items AND information already in LTM (This will help form a connection, and will aid storage and retrieval) –Example: Learning someone’s phone # (312) 935-1482

15. Baddeley’s Working-Memory Model STM is simply thought of as storage of information. We need a more flexible system to explain the flexibility of the system. He proposed Working Memory (WM).

16. Why do we need an attention component to STM? STM capacity is measured using simple span tasks- items (letters, words, digits) are presented one per second and after a certain number of items have been presented, the subject must recall the items Problem: Measures of STM capacity do not predict performance on a task. This is because working memory capacity, not STM capacity is more critical. Conclusion: This suggests that the attention component is critical, bringing us back to the notion of resources.

17. Working Memory the Mental Workbench Three Important Components: The central executive and two subsidiary systems (slave systems), the articulatory loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad. These are independent from each other.

18. Baddeley’s Model

19. Working Memory Components Central Executive: overall controller of the system. Responsible for decision making, retrieval from LTM, and rehearsal for transfer of info into LTM. Also where reasoning and language comprehension take place. Articulatory Loop: Holds and recycle small amounts of sound information. You can think of this as older STM rehearsal buffer we discussed earlier. Visuo-spatial Sketchpad: Holds spatial and visual information for a short time. This component would be engaged in a spatial rotation task.

20. Working Memory cont. Resources: Work is done by allocating resources to a task. All the components have resources but the CE can also send more resources to the slave systems if a task is difficult. Resources only flow down in the system.