1. The Establishment of (French) Canada

2. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts Persistence of Samuel Champlain France’s successful encounter with Indians: tolerance

3. New mercenary armies Swiss mercenary, 1507 and 2007

4. New pikes and gunpowder weapons Swiss mercenary, 1507

5. France’s Atlantic Port Cities Highly independent, and well-armed No government navy Normandy: Dieppe, Saint- Malo, Honfleur, Rouen

6. Rouen

7. La Rochelle

9. Saint Malo

11. Dieppe

12. Three sets of false starts Canada, 1534-42 Brazil, 1555-57 Florida 1562-65 Then, success in 1630s

13. Jacques Cartier 1491-1557 Experienced seaman May have accompanied Verrazzano As imagined in the 1800s

14. Saint Malo

15. Cartier: Mistakes in 1534? Came to reconnoiter the Saint Lawrence Encountered 200 Iroquois fishing for mackerel Kidnapped several and took them to France

16. Cartier Mistakes in 1535 Sailed up river to “Hochelaga” the future site of Quebec; Spent the winter, suffered scurvy, (Indians showed him how to cure it) Kidnapped more Indians, including their leader Donaconna and sons

17. Hochelaga

18. Cartier: mistakes in 1542 Noble Roberval and 500 colonists Failed “gold” Kidnapped 10 Iroquois Cartier and Roberval returned, leaving settlers

19. Map of Cartier’s findings, 1543

20. 1547

21. 1565

22. 1562

23. Gaspar Coligny (1519-1572) : Admiral of France France’s most powerful Protestant Encouraging (failed) Huguenot colonies

24. Brazil: “France Antartique” “Fort Coligny” 1555-1560 Island in the bay 600 soldiers and colonists Driven out by Portuguese

25. 1562: Jean Ribault and Fort Caroline (Florida) Religious Wars Huguenots only Ran out of food Mutiny Some built a boat to sail home

27. 1564: 2 nd attempt Ribault and Rene Laudonnière 10 months of food Crops failed Decided to attack Spanish at Cuba Spanish retaliated by killing all members of the colony

28. Saint Augustine, Florida

29. Samuel Champlain (1575-1635) Illegitimate son of Henri IV? Born into a Huguenot family Veteran of Wars of Religion Artist First scientific cartographer in the Americas Spy in Spanish America

30. French Wars of Religion (1562-98) Deeply traumatic Partly, noble effort to escape royal power