2. Post-Columbus French Exploration  1524—Giovanni de Verrazano mapped American coastline  1535—Jacques Cartier explored the St. Lawrence and part of Mississippi Rivers  Two failed settlements: one in South Carolina and one destroyed by the Spanish in Florida in 1565

3. French Civil War  1580s—France was delayed into New World exploration by its religious civil war  Catholics vs. Protestant Huguenots  St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, assassinations, etc.  Henry IV ended this conflict with his Catholic conversion

4. New France  1608—Samuel de Champlain established a permanent settlement at Quebec  French turned to fur-trading for its compensation for debts—don’t look for gold where there is none  Iroquois Confederation controlled fur trade in North America

5. The Iroquois Confederation  Composed of five large tribes:  Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca  Hated and antagonized the French and their Indian trade allies  Algonquin and Huron tribes  1609—de Champlain joined the Huron in attacking the Iroquois  Killed 3 Iroquois chiefs using firearms

6.  Iroquois pushed the French west in expansion along the Mississippi River  1682—Robert de la Salle claimed the mouth of the River as Louisiana for Louis XIV  Fur trade encouraged trade company the Indies Co. to establish New Orleans in 1718 as a trade capital

7. French Stagnation  Louis XIV’s military engagements drained France of the necessary population AND funds to support permanent settler societies  3,000 settlers by 1660  15,000 settlers by 1700  Only the neglected French Huguenots were willing to emigrate en masse to New France  He forbade their emigration  Louis XIV only saw Louisiana as useful in exporting French criminals and ne'er-do-wells

8. The Dutch  The Dutch formed a loose confederation of the 7 Dutch provinces into the Netherlands in 1609 after a 30 year war with Spain  Unproductive and flooded land encouraged a powerful maritime and commercial industry

9. Dutch East India Company  Amsterdam was Europe’s financial capital by 1650  Dutch East India Co. spearheaded Dutch New World colonization  Henry Hudson attempted to find the Northwest Passage  Navigated the Hudson River  Invested in the fur trade with the Iroquois

10. Dutch Diversity  Established the New Netherland colony (Ft. Nassau) to exploit trade with the Iroquois and later the city of New Amsterdam (NYC)  The Dutch didn’t restrict emigration and welcomed any who was willing to help make Dutch trade profitable  Women were able to own property, write contracts, and earn profit even if married

11. Dutch Failure  Ultimately, the Dutch failed for many of the same reasons the French did—too few settlers  By 1660, only 5,000 settlers  Tried to attract settlers with Patroon titles and land grants