1. Managing Time, Space, and Visibility

2. Characteristics/Visual Fields
Central Vision
Visual Lead, Targeting, Signs, Signals
Central Vision
Fringe Vision Referencing, Path of Travel, Sightlines
Fringe Vision
Peripheral Vision
Peripheral Vision
Motion and Color Changes

3. Factors Affecting Field of Vision
Normal 190°-200°
30 MPH 142°- 160°
45 MPH 100° - 90°
60 MPH 10° - 20°

4. PRINCIPLES OF VISUAL PERCEPTION
FINAL FILES ARE THE RESULT OF
YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED
WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF YEARS

5. Basic Requirements for Driving
An average driver makes 50 to 60 decisions per mile traveled …...
Driver Requirements
Visibility … Space X Time = Speed … Traction
… most such decisions relate to visibility, space, time, and placement ….
Vehicle Requirements
… all must be accomplished within the range of available traction!

6. Judgmental Abilities Required To Manage Time/Space Adequately
Space Relationships
Speed Estimates
Evaluation of Roadway
Prediction of Others’ Actions

7. Space Management System
Search for objects or conditions
Evaluate the planned travel path ahead(visibility, traction, space, traffic flow, topography, legal requirements)
Identify alternate paths of travel(look for an out)
Prepare to make adjustments in speed and/or position(learn to read the route -it’s the smooth move - safer & economical)

8. Visual Habits 20 – 30 sec search (VSA)
12 – 15 sec path of travel (VCZ)
4 – 8 sec immediate path (Stop Zone)
3 - 4 sec following distance
Mirrors (rear interval) [10x minute]
Head checks [ any lateral movement]
Speedometer [1x a minute]
20 sec VSA at:
35 mph = 1022 ft (0.2 mile)
55 mph = 1773 ft (0.3 mile)
65 mph = 1898 ft (0.4 mile)

9. Visual Process
Search roadway & off road areas secs ahead to plan path of travel
Identify conditions secs ahead that could interfere with path of travel
Predict conditions on/near road that could increase risk
Decide at least seconds ahead what actions to take to reduce risk
Execute decisions

10. Visual Process: Following Distance
Continually monitor the 3-to-4 second following distance
Adjust as required by
Atmospheric conditions
Roadway and off-road surface and condition
Traffic conditions
Visibility
Following traffic

11. Visual Process: Mirror Use
Proper adjustment required
Monitor traffic to sides and rear while traveling and stopping
Not for detail(objects in side mirror closer than they appear)
Are vehicles present?
Where?
Size?
Speed?
Mirror blind areas(head check)

12. Driving Process
SIPDE
Search
Identify
Predict
Decide
Execute

13. Visual Search Categories
Traffic Controls
Roadway Features
Non-Motorized Users
Motor Vehicles

14. Aggressive Visual Search
Aim high
Get the big picture
Keep your eyes moving
Look for an out

15. Aggressive Visual Search
An aggressive visual search involves:
Searching seconds ahead
Identifying an alternate path
Identifying other highway users
Assessing the consequences of alternate responses
Adjusting speed or position, and communicating adjustment

16. Manage Risk By Adjusting Time/Space/Visibility
Increase Vehicle Control
Increase Response Time
increase space
adjust speed
increase visibility A B
REMEMBER YOU HAVE MORE TIME TO CORRECT A SITUATION AT A SLOWER SPEED AND IF YOU ERR IT WILL BE LESS EXPENSIVE!

17. Manage Risk By Increase Distance From Hazard (Separating)
Reduced traction, vehicle, curve
Pedestrian - vehicle conflict
Vehicle on side of road

18. Adjust Time/Space For the Least Harmful Result When Multiple Risks Present (Compromising)
Resolve possible responses into a single adjustment of speed and road position resulting in the least consequence for the greatest risk.
Three highway conditions that require speed adjustments are visibility, traction, and space.

19. IS IT WORTH IT TO SAVE 2 TO 7 MINUTES ?
How Fast is Too Fast?
Time saved by going 10 mph faster for 10 miles
It is not how quickly you can get there if everything goes well, but how quickly could you respond if something goes wrong?
Each 10 mph speed increase doubles chance of fatal injury if involved in a crash
10mph over speed limit is 3 point violation
IS IT WORTH IT TO SAVE 2 TO 7 MINUTES ?