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Chapter 23 Medicines and Drugs Lesson Four Psychoactive Drugs Pgs 603-610
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Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive drugs are chemicals that affect the central nervous system and alter activity in the brain Some psychoactive drugs are used for medicinal value under a doctor’s supervision There are four main groups: stimulants, depressants, narcotics, and hallucinogens
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Stimulants Stimulants are drugs that speed up the central nervous system. Some stimulants have medical uses (such as those that control hyperactivity) Cocaine, crack, amphetamines, and methamphetamines are the most dangerous stimulants
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Cocaine (Snow, Flake, Blow, Candy, Rock) Cocaine is a white powder extracted from the leaves of the coca plant (Benzoylmethyl Ecgonine) Users experience a feeling of confidence and euphoria Effects can last from 20 min to several hours
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Cocaine Regular use can lead to depression, fatigue, paranoia, and dependence Can cause malnutrition and cardiac problems When snorted, it can collapse the nasal septum When injected, users can contract HIV or hepatitis B from infected needles Overdosing can result in cardiac arrest, respiratory failure, seizures, and death
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Crack Cocaine Crack is an even more dangerous form of cocaine (cocaine + hydrochloride) In its pure form, it reaches the brain in seconds after being smoked or injected Provides a short, but intense euphoria Once in the blood, the heart rate and blood pressure soars which can lead to cardiac or respiratory failure
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Amphetamines (Benzedrine) (Speed, Bennies, Black Beauties, Uppers) Amphetamines are found in prescription medicines to reduce fatigue and suppress appetite Some people use amphetamines illegally to stay awake, lose weight, or improve athletic performance Regular use can result in twitching, irregular heartbeat, paranoia, and heart damage
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Methamphetamine (Speed, Meth, Chalk, Ice, Crystal, Crank) Meth is made from ephedrine, found in common cold/allergy medicines Medically it is used to treat certain diseases and obesity It is a white odorless powder easily dissolved in alcohol or water It can provide a 12 hour euphoria. People feel confident, courageous, tireless, and invincible Regular use can result in depression, paranoia, damage to the CNS, increased heart rate, damage to brain cells, and death
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Depressants (Flunitrazepan) Depressants are sedatives that tend to slow down the central nervous system Depressants relax muscles, relieve feelings of tension and worry, and cause drowsiness Depressants include alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, rohypnol, and GHB
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Barbiturates (Barbituric Acid) Barbiturates are drugs that induce sleepiness They may be prescribed for medical purposes They are used illegally to produce a feeling of intoxication When combined with alcohol they can result in death
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Tranquilizers (Phenothiazines & Benzodiazapines) Tranquilizers are depressants that reduce muscular activity, coordination, and attention span. They are prescribed by doctors to relieve anxiety, muscle spasms, sleeplessness, and nervousness. When overused, physiological and psychological dependence occurs Withdrawal causes severe shaking, coma, or death
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Rohypnol (Flunitrazepan) (Date-Rape Drug) Rohypnol is a club drug and is ten times stronger than tranquilizers It looks like an aspirin tablet and dissolves easily into soft drinks Victims often wake up with no recollection of what happened in the previous hours
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GHB Gammahydroxy Butyric Acid GHB is produced naturally & synthetically Also used in date-rape crimes It is a club drug available as a clear liquid, white powder, or tablet and capsule form The drug leaves the bloodstream quite quickly making it difficult for emergency room personnel to determine that an overdose occurred
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Narcotics Narcotics are specific drugs obtainable only by prescription and are used to relieve pain Opium, morphine, oxycontin, codeine, and heroin are narcotics Narcotics cause euphoria, drowsiness, constipation shallow breathing, convulsions, coma, and death They are highly addictive
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Opium From the opium poppy Ancient civilizations used opium for medicine and rituals Used for pain relief and euphoria Contains the alkaloid used to make morphine, codeine, and heroin Highly addictive Can cause constipation, respiratory problems, seizure, and coma
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Morphine (Opium Alkaloid) Made from opium Used medically as a severe pain reliever High potential for addiction and tolerance Health risks include fatigue, anxiety, muscular/bone aches and pains, tremors, heart attack, and stroke
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Codeine (Opium Alkaloid) Made from opium Prescribed for mild to moderate pain relief Treats cough, sore throat, and irritable bowel syndrome High doses = euphoria Can cause physical dependence Health risks include constipation, nausea, chills, pain, & respiratory depression
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Heroin Heroin is a processed form of morphine that is injected, snorted, or smoked Used in UK for acute and agonizing pain Heroin depresses the CNS and slows breathing and pulse Users experience euphoria, relaxation, Abuse can cause infection of the heart lining and valves Pneumonia, HIV, and hepatitis B can result from the use of infected needles Withdrawal can be very painful
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Hallucinogens Hallucinogens are drugs that alter moods, thoughts, and sense perceptions including vision, hearing, smell, and touch. Hallucinogens include PCP, LSD, and Ketamine
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PCP (Phencyclidine) PCP is considered one of the most dangerous drugs Effects include distorted sense of time and space, increased muscle strength, and inability to feel pain Results in aggressive and violent behaviors Overdoses of PCP can cause death, but death usually occurs because of the destructive behavior of people using PCP (e.g. burning in a fire because they don’t feel pain)
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LSD LSD is a strong hallucinogen and can distort perceptions of sound and color Inanimate objects seem lifelike Risk of convulsions, coma, heart and lung failure, and death Users experience emotions ranging from euphoria to extreme panic and depression
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Ketamine Ketamine is an anesthetic used for medical purposes (usually treats animals) Ketamine is misused as a club drug, and is sold as a white powder to be snorted or injected. Sometimes it is combined with marijuana or tobacco It causes hallucinations and may result in death by respiratory failure
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Ecstasy and Other Dangerous Drugs (Designer Drugs) Designer drugs are synthetic substances meant to imitate the effects of hallucinogens and other dangerous drugs Designer drugs vary in potency and strength and can be 100 times stronger than the drug that they are imitating
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Ecstasy (MDMA) Ecstasy is a combination stimulant and hallucinogen Creates euphoria, emotional excitement, and enhances sense of touch Causes confusion, depression, paranoia, psychosis, and long- term damage to brain cells Results in tremors, paralysis, heart attack, and irreversible brain damage
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Consequences of Drug Use Drugs play a role in unsafe situations and negative consequences Drug use leads to poor judgment which puts teens at risk for unintentional injuries, motor vehicle accidents, violence, STD’s, unplanned pregnancies, and suicide The best way to avoid drugs is to avoid places where drugs are used
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