1. Race and Ethnicity Chapter 11 Society, The Basics 10th Edition
John J. Macionis

2. The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity
Race – a ______ constructed category composed of people who share ___________ transmitted traits that members of a society consider important.

3. The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity
Ethnicity – a shared ______ heritage.
Race involves highlighting ________ traits.
Ethnicity involves highlighting cultural traits.

4. Minorities
A minority – any category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural _______ , that a society sets apart and subordinates.
Characteristics:
They share a distinctive ______.
Subordination (social disadvantage).

5. Prejudice & Stereotypes
Prejudice – a rigid and irrational ___________ about an entire category of people.

6. Prejudice & Stereotypes
Prejudgments that are positive or negative.
They lead us to characterize all members of an entire ______ , most of whom we’ve never met.

7. Prejudice & Stereotypes
Stereotypes – an ___________ description applied to every person in some category.
Both the majority group and _________ hold stereotypical beliefs.

8. Measuring Prejudice Social Distance Scale
Emory Bogardus
Social Distance Scale
Student opinions show a trend toward greater acceptance
People see less ________ among various minorities
9-11 attacks may have reduced social acceptance of Arabs & Muslims

9. Measuring Prejudice
(p. 311)

10. Racism
Racism – the belief that one racial category is innately ______ or ______ to another.
Racial difference in mental abilities results from environment rather than ______ .

11. Theories of Prejudice
Scapegoat Theory – prejudice springs from frustration among people who are themselves ___________ .
A scapegoat – a person with little power whom people unfairly blame for their own troubles.

12. Theories of Prejudice
Authoritarian Personality Theory – extreme prejudice is a personality trait in certain individuals
These personalities are common among those with _____ ________ and broken homes.

13. Theories of Prejudice
Culture Theory – extreme prejudice may be embedded in culture.
Bogardus believed everyone in the United States expresses some ______ because we live in a culture of ______ .

14. Theories of Prejudice
Conflict Theory – powerful people use prejudice to justify ________ others.
Steele contends that minorities themselves cultivate a climate of race consciousness in order to win greater ______ .

15. Discrimination
Discrimination – treating various categories of people ______ .
Institutional prejudice and discrimination.
Prejudice and discrimination often occur ______ .

16. Discrimination Prejudice and discrimination may combine in four ways
Robert Merton
Prejudice and discrimination may combine in four ways
a) Active bigotry
b) ______ ______
c) Fair-weather liberalism
d) All-weather liberalism

17. Prejudice: The Vicious Circle
Discrimination
Prejudice: The Vicious Circle
Prejudice and discrimination can form a vicious circle, perpetuating themselves.
Figure (p. 314)

18. Sociological Theories
Structural Functionalism - Prejudice is functional in that it creates in-group solidarity and out-group antagonism.
Social Conflict theory - focuses on competition and the ability of some group to exploit others.
Symbolic interactionism-examines how perception and labels produce prejudice.
Dr. John Musalia, Western Kentucky U.

19. Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction
Pluralism – a state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct but have _____ _____ .
Assimilation – the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant category.
Miscegenation – biological reproduction by people of ________ ______ categories.

20. Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction
Segregation – the physical and social _________ of categories of people.
Genocide – the systematic _____ of one category of people by another.

21. Race and Ethnicity in the U. S
Native Americans
When the Europeans arrived in the ________ century, the Native Americans numbered in the millions.
By 1900, they numbered a mere 250,000.

22. Race and Ethnicity in the U. S
Native Americans
Christopher Columbus first called them “Indians” because he thought he landed in India.
Not until 1924 were Native Americans entitled to ________ .

23. White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
Race and Ethnicity in the U. S
White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
WASPs were not the first to inhabit the U. S., but they came to ________ this nation.
Historically, WASP immigrants were highly skilled and motivated to achieve the ________ work ethic.

24. White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
Race and Ethnicity in the U. S
White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
WASPs were never one single ______ .
English remains the dominant language today, and Protestantism is the majority ______ .

25. Race and Ethnicity in the U. S
African Americans
Most accounts mark the beginning of black history in the United States as ____.
A Dutch trading ship brought twenty Africans to Jamestown, Virginia.

26. Race and Ethnicity in the U. S
African Americans
Slavery was the foundation of the southern colonies’ plantation system.
In 1865, the _________ Amendment outlawed slavery.

27. Race and Ethnicity in the U. S
“An American Dilemma”
A democratic society’s denial of basic rights and freedoms to an entire category of people
To resolve this, white people defined African Americans as innately ______ and undeserving of ______ .
Gunnar Myrdal

28. Race and Ethnicity in the U. S
Asian Americans
_________ _______ diversity characterizes this category of people.
In 2006, the total number of Asian Americans exceeded 13 million.

29. Race and Ethnicity in the U. S
Asian Americans
The largest category of Asian Americans is people of Chinese ancestry.
More than ___- _____ of Asian Americans live in California.

30. Hispanic Americans/Latinos
Race and Ethnicity in the U. S
Hispanic Americans/Latinos
In 2006, Hispanic Americans numbered more than 44 million.
Few people in this category describe themselves as “______ ” or “______ .”

31. Hispanic Americans/Latinos
Race and Ethnicity in the U. S
Hispanic Americans/Latinos
Hispanics are really a cluster of ______ ___________ , each of which identifies with a particular ancestral nation.
Most of the Hispanic population lives in the _________ .

32. Race and Ethnicity in the U. S
Arab Americans
“Arab” (an ethnic category) is not the same as “Muslim” (a follower of Islam).
Arab cultures differ from society to society
Share Arabic ________ and ________
Arab Americans population is 1.5 million

33. White Ethnic Americans
Race and Ethnicity in the U. S
White Ethnic Americans
Recognizes ethnic heritage and social disadvantages of many white people
___-_____ whites
Immigrants from Ireland, Poland, Germany, Italy, and other European countries
___-____ of U.S. population

34. Race and Ethnicity: Looking Ahead.
The United States has been and will remain a land of immigrants.
Immigration has generated striking cultural diversity.
Many new arrivals face much the same prejudice as those who came before them.