1. The BREAK-UP of YUGOSLAVIA
                                       

2. Balkans have been a part of several different empires

4. Josip Broz Tito “Brotherhood and Unity”

5. A popular refrain: “Yugoslavia has 7 neighbors 6 republics
5 nationalities
4 official languages
3 major religions
2 alphabets
1 dinar (national currency)

8. Major Religious Groups
Catholics
Orthodox
Islam
Protestants

9. Patterns of Ethnic Settlement Facilitated the Conflict and Break-up
Slovene/Catholic 91%
Croat/Catholic 3%
Serb/E Ortho 2%
Croat/Catholic 78%
Serb/E Ortho 12%
Muslims (43.7%)
Croats/Catholic (17.3%)
Serbs/E Ortho (31.4 %)
Serb/ E Ortho 63%
Montenegrin/ E Ortho 6%
Albanian/Muslim 14%
Hungarian/Catholic 4%
Bosnia: 40% of
urban couples
ethnically mixed
Patterns of Ethnic Settlement
Facilitated the Conflict and Break-up
66% Macedonian/E Ortho
23% Albanian/Muslim
2% Serb/E Ortho
4% Turk/Muslim

10. Which is a more appropriate goal?
To protect state sovereignty? Borders?
To allow all groups to have self-determination and independent nations?

11. Bosnia Geographically it’s in the middle
Territory was desirable for its access to the Adriatic Sea and for strategic reasons
It was an example of a truly multi-ethnic society with no majority
Muslims (43.7%)
Croats (17.3%)
Serbs (31.4 %)
The population consisted of large ethnic groups
Linked to Serbia and Croatia
Serbia and Croatia wanted these people and their lands to join Serbia and Croatia respectively, rather than be in a multi-ethnic Bosnia

12. According to Donnelly why was the genocide not stopped?

13. IRONY OF ETHNIC CLEANSING
Ethnic cleansing and mass murder produced ethnically pure territorial units
ultimately produces NEATER maps on which peace settlement could be worked
allowing the safe areas to fall got rid of enclaves that cluttered the map
world leaders denounce ethnic cleansing BUT in the end BACK RESULTS which bring peace

14. ETHNIC MIX
BEFORE THE
WAR

15. After Dayton Accords
Before the War

16. BOSNIA Declares independence, too Bosnian Serbs
declare an independent Serb state and lay siege to Sarajevo, claiming the city as its capital
Yugoslav artillery shell Bosnia/Sarajevo—providing support to Serb irregulars who engage in ethnic cleansing of Bosnia
1000 Serbs shells a day hitting Sarajveo
3,777 hit in 16 hours on July 23, 1993

17. Women and Elderly Fleeing Srebrenica with UN watching

19. Mass Graves Uncovered Where the Men From Srebrenica Ended Up

21. Back to original dilemma…
What are the conflicting values?

22. International Role in Yugoslavia
Neo-isolationist or Internationalist?
Cooperative or Military Interventionist?

23. International Role in Yugoslavia
Sept 1991
UN arms embargo on Yugoslavia
Oct 1991
Sec’y General sends special envoy (Vance)
negotiate a short cease-fire
Feb 1992
Deploy UNPROFOR (14,000 soldiers)
to ensure that areas vacated by Serbian army are protected
assist humanitarian agencies
assist displaced persons in getting home

24. November 1992
send UN troops to Macedonia (1st preventive action ever)
February 1993
establish International Criminal tribunal

25. June 1993
increase UNPROFOR size
authorize use of force (including air strikes)
Feb. 1994
NATO authorizes air strikes to deter attacks on civilians in Sarajevo
April 1994
Contact Group forms to draw up peaceful settlement
US, UK, Germany, France, Russia

26. What guidelines should determine when the U. S
What guidelines should determine when the U.S. gets involved in the affairs of other countries?

27. With the rise of Gorbachev and liberalization of relations with USSR
Yugoslavia was no longer a crucial link to US foreign policy
Fear precedent of break-up
US and West was focused on Persian Gulf
WEST not prepared to deal with conflicting goals: integrity of state v. self determination

29. Ethnic and Religious Make-up
Slovenia (West)
Slovene/Catholic 91%
Croat/Catholic 3%
Serb/E Ortho 2%
Croatia (West)
Croat/Catholic 78%
Serb/E Ortho 12%
Macedonia (East)
66% Macedonian/E Ortho
23% Albanian/Muslim
2% Serb/E Ortho
4% Turk/Muslim
Serbia and Montenegro (incorporated Vojvodina and Kosovo) (East)
Serb/ E Ortho 63%
Montenegrin/ E Ortho 6%
Albanian/Muslim 14%
Hungarian/Catholic 4%
Bosnia and Hercegovina (Central)
Muslims (43.7%)
Croats/Catholic (17.3%)
Serbs/E Ortho (31.4 %)