1. 14 th through Mid-17 th Centuries

3.  New Discoveries  Humanism and Education  Shift in Social Order

7.  Global Effects:  Led to the Age of Imperialism, where European powers dominated the planet  Indigenous people in North and South America and Africa were enslaved and exploited;

9.  Communal knowledge possible  Scientists could form distant communities  Page numbering and indexes invented and used  Standardization in form and spelling  Reading moves from communal to private activity;  Authorship becomes more important and profitable.  Who wrote it becomes important  Early copyright and intellectual property laws established  Decline of Latin and move towards vernacular language use  Contributed to growing nationalism

12. HUMANISM Describes the school of philosophical, intellectual, and literary thought from 1400-1650: Emphasis on human freedom and responsibility; Return to the pagan classics; Reliance on God and faith weakened; Fortuna (chance) replaces Providence. The world as it is becomes an end rather than a preparation for Heaven

14. Educational Theory Learn through imitation; Mimesis Imitatio Emphasis on the classics; Especially ancient Greece and Rome Belief that a well- educated person knows a little about everything—a “Renaissance Man.”

19.  Reason rules emotions, just as  A king rules his subject;  A parent rules a child;  The sun governs the planets.

21.  Humans are between beasts and angels;  To behave without reason is beast-like;  To go above one’s proper place invites disaster.

22.  The right of kings to rule comes directly from God;  Royalty is answerable only to God;  Disobedience to royalty is disobedience to God.  Political absolutism

23.  Causes:  The Renaissance, with its emphasis on humanism and individuality;  The printing press, with the wider access to printed works and rise in literacy  The rise of powerful nation-states, headed by monarchs

24.  Anger at church corruption:  Simony—the selling of church offices;  Indulgences—giving money to the church in exchange for one’s soul spending less time in Purgatory  Increasingly poorly educated clerics.

25.  Luther denounced the selling of indulgences;  Argued that the secular gov’t had the right to reform the church;  Same thought echoed later in Hobbes’ social contract theory  Attacked the sacraments;  Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, Matrimony  Argued to man can be saved by faith alone

26.  Pope Leo X issued a Bull demanding that he recant;  Luther publicly burned it;  Decreased the sacraments from seven to 2  Only left baptism and communion

27.  Because the Pope refused to grant Henry an annulment from his first wife, he cut ties with the Catholic church and began the Church of England, which he, as king, was head.

28.  Son of Henry’s third wife;  Assumed the throne at age 9;  English replaced Latin in Church ritual;  Died at age 15

29.  Restored England to Catholicism;  Restored the Pope’s authority over the English Church;  Married her cousin Phillip, making England appear to be an appendage of Spain.  Ordered the deaths of 300 Protestants  Bloody Mary

30.  Best monarch since William the Conqueror;  Had a Renaissance education;  Patron of the arts;  Restored the Church of England, but was a politique