1. Grammar Review Semester One Commas, Semicolons, Title Punctuation, Prepositional Phrases, Appositives and Appositive Phrases, Adjective and Adverbs, Modifiers

2. Comma Review, Lesson 1 Three major comma rules are: 1.Use commas to separate the items in a series. Ex: She spoke of hockey, baseball, and softball with authority. 2. Follow established commas rules in relation to dates, addresses, geographical names, and titles. Ex: He left Chicago on December 31, 2007. Ex: Janey visited Rome, Italy, this summer as well as Bremen, Germany.

3. Comma Rules cont. 3. Use a comma to separate introductory phrases and clauses from a main clause. Ex: According to legend, Sherwood Forest is haunted by spirits. Ex: As soon as I finished grading essays, I took my dogs for a walk. * This section also has a review of the clause, the phrase, prepositions, and subordinate conjunctions.

4. Comma Questions Identify where the commas go: 1.On July 20 1969 Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin made the first moon landing. 2.Among the signs of a good restaurant are a clean facility menu variety and a well trained staff. Phrase vs Clause: Which is which, and why?: 3. As we walked across the wet field, we could see our pant-legs dampening. 4. Deceitfully scheming, the cat finally swatted the dog underneath the table.

5. Comma Lesson 2 Rules Use commas for the following: Compound sentences Introductory words Nouns of direct address Parenthetical expressions Appositives Nonrestrictive Clauses

6. Comma Questions 2 Why are there commas in the following sentences? 1.Her shoes, which are certainly cute, cost much more than I can pay. 2.I tried to read that book, but I found it boring. 3.You know, students, reading is necessary. 4.By the way, my favorite book is The Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien. 5.Well, I am sure happy to have a break this weekend. 6.Our principal, Mr. Anderson, addressed the school board last night.

7. Semicolon Review The three uses of a semicolon: 1.Between independent clauses Ex: Our opponents were alert; we were not. 2. With conjunctive adverbs Ex: I did not go to the movies; instead, I cleaned the house. 3. Between word groups containing commas Ex: The motorhome camouflaged itself in dirt, leaves, and other unidentified material; but we’d traveled to Alaska and back in it. Ex: The examinations will be held on Tuesday, January 15; Wednesday, January 16; and Thursday, January 17.

8. Semicolon Questions Correct or in need of semicolons? 1.Bruce was once a dedicated supporter of the San Francisco 49ers now he expects them to lose. 2.All of the girls who were interested in fashion found the presentation fascinating. 3.The little girl eyed the ball, the doll, and the bubbles but finally chose the bubbles.

9. Title Punctuation Use Quotation Marks: 1.Exact words of a speaker 2.For titles of short stories, articles, chapters, poems, songs, and episodes 3.For slang, technical terms, nicknames, and other expressions that are unusual. Other: 4. Use single quotation marks for a quotation or title within another quote. 5. Commas and periods are always placed inside quotation marks (unless at end of sentence and citation is involved). Semicolons and colons are always outside.

10. Title Punctuation Fix me! 1.Did you see the article on Mark Twain in Time last week asked Marcel. 2. Edgar Allen Poe’s poem The Raven appears in the anthology called American Short Stories.

11. Prepositional Phrases A prepositional phrase is a group of words beginning with a preposition and usually ending with a noun or a pronoun. The prep phrase is usually made up of a prep, the noun or pronoun that is its object, and any words that may modify that object. Ex: The couch (with the deep purple stripes) is in the living room.

12. Prep Phrase cont A prep phrase that modifies a noun or a pronoun is an adjective phrase. A prep phrase that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb is an adverb phrase.

13. Prep Phrase Questions Find the prep phrase(s) and identify if it is an adjective or adverb phrase. 1.They were imprisoned without food and water. 2.As I moved toward the kitchen, I could see the dishes on the counter.

14. Appositive and Appositive Phrases An appositive is a noun or pronoun (often with modifiers) set beside another noun or pronoun to explain or identify it-(not change or modify). An essential or restrictive appositive or app phrase is not set aside by commas because it is necessary to the meaning of the sentence. A nonessential or nonrestrictive appositive or app phrase adds extra meaning to a sentence in which the meaning is already clear, and is set aside with commas. Remember, an appositive phrase cannot contain a subject and a verb because then, of course, it would be a clause.

15. Appositive Questions A. for restrictive appositive/ app phrase B. for non-restrictive appositive/app phrase C. none of the above 1.Matt Damon, a very versatile actor, plays the role of Jason Bourne in the Bourne Identity. 2.The movie Boondock Saints caused quite a controversy. 3.A small, timid rodent, the shrew spends most of its time underground. 4.My student Alex won the CSF award today.

16. Adverb & Adjective Adjectives describe or limit nouns or pronouns Adverbs intensify or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs Know the basic rules about good/well, less/fewer, et cetera.

17. Adjective & Adverb Questions Which is the (better, best) of these two radios? Does he drive (good, well)? Jason ran absolutely steadfastly toward the ball and threw out Ichiro at the plate. Absolutely-adjective or adverb? Steadfastly-adjective or adverb?

18. Modifiers The most important thing to know about modifiers is that they should be placed as near as possible to the words they modify for clarity. (misplaced modifier) Also be sure the the subject that the modifier is modifying is actually present in the sentence (dangling modifier) Also be sure that a modifier can’t possibly refer to more than one person or thing in a sentence as this makes it difficult to understand.

19. Parallelism Express parallel ideas in the same grammatical form. Wrong: In summer school I studied writing and how to increase my vocabulary. Right: In summer school I studied how to write and how to increase my vocabulary. In the right example you have an infinitive paired with another infinitive and that is what you need.