2. Aim: What were the goals of the English Revolutions?

8. Rock-a-bye baby In the treetops When the wind blows the cradle will rock When the bough breaks the cradle will fall And down will come baby, cradle and all

9. “The state of monarchy is the supremest thing on earth. For kings are not only God’s lieutenants on earth, and sit upon God’s throne, but even by God Himself are called gods….” -- King James I of England, speaking to Parliament

10. “Negative” vs. “Positive” Rights NEGATIVE RIGHTS Freedom from oppression by government Freedom of speech Freedom of religion Right to bear arms POSITIVE RIGHTS Right to choose your own government Right to a job Right to housing Right to healthcare

11. “The Rights of Englishmen”: Magna Carta, 12th century  Trial by Jury  Right to face your accuser in court  Speedy trial No taxation without the consent of Parliament (later: representation) NEGATIVE RIGHTS

12. What were the rights of “free-born Englishmen?” “What did the common Englishman’s “birthright” consist in? … Freedom from absolutism, freedom from arbitrary arrest, trial by jury, equality before the law, the freedom of the home from arbitrary entrance and search…. the Englishman was not prepared to be “pushed around”…. The stance of the common Englishman was not so much democratic, in any positive sense, as anti-absolutist. He felt himself to be an individualist, with few affirmative rights, but protected by the laws against the intrusions of arbitrary power. …He claimed few rights except that of being left alone.”

13. Rise of the English Bourgeoisie (Merchant Capitalism) leads to class and religious struggle with King and nobility Represented in the English Parliament Conflicts between Parliament and the king over taxation (power) and religion English Civil War –What should be the goals of this war? –Who will fight against the King?

14. Grandees vs. Levelers What kind of government will replace absolutism? What kind of Revolution should we have? What kind of Rights should be granted, and to who? What “stream” of the Enlightenment does each group seem to favor?

15. The Glorious Revolution: triumph of the English bourgeoisie James II - a Catholic, tries to rule as an Absolutist When James has a son… Parliament invites his daughter Mary, and her husband William, king of the Netherlands (both Protestants), to rule England - The Glorious Revolution (1689) William signs the English Bill of Rights

16. Rock-a-bye baby In the treetops

17. When the wind blows the cradle will rock When the bough breaks the cradle will fall And down will come baby, cradle and all The wind blows William and Mary to England James II and his Catholic baby flee to France The Glorious Revolution: 1689

18. Two similarities to watch for in all the revolutions we look at: An emerging social class (the bourgeoisie) needs help from the common people to make their revolution victorious, and promises them rights and freedoms After the revolution is won, the new ruling class limits the promised rights of the common people