1. Types of morphemes
Lec. 2

2. Morphology & Morphemes
Our morphological knowledge has two components: knowledge of the individual morphemes, and knowledge of the rules that combine them.
Morphology = morph + ology (science of word forms)
Words consist of meaningful units
E.g. writers, reading, unripe, overdose, kingdom

3. Morphology & Morphemes
Morphology is concerned with the structure of words which is part of the implicit linguistic knowledge of all native speakers, whether or not they know anything about the history of the language they speak. e.g. help, helpful, helpfulness, helpless, helplessness  HELP

4. Examples One morpheme Two morphemes Three morphemes Four morphemes
desire
desirable
desirability
undesirability

5. Roots
Root:
A morpheme which is the basic part of a word and which may, in many languages, occur on its own. (man, hold, book).
A root is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. It is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed.
e.g.
Knowingly – brainlessness – rediscover – insufferable – actions - breakage

6. Roots
Roots may be joined to other roots (house +hold = household(, and/ or take affixes
ROOT word-forms
walk walks, walking, walked,
(house + hold= household), and/ or take affixes
(man + ly = manly)
(cold +ness = coldness)
(manly, coldness).

7. Exercise Identify the roots in each of the followings:
knowingly rediscover
brainlessness insufferable
untainted disinherited
Unrepeated undeveloped
Paranormal McDonaldization
unrepeated

8. Morphological Morphemes
Morphemes FREE BOUND BASES AFFIXES pathology Frog prefixes infixes suffixes

9. Free & bound
Roots can be either free morphemes or bound morphemes

10. I. Free morphemes
Free morphemes are roots which can stand on their own
Man – book – tea – sweet – cook – bet – very – aardvark – pain – rose -understand
Lexical morphemes
Function words

11. I. Free morphemes *Content words Function words Lexical morphemes
Nouns (frog– man-John)
Adjectives (good – kind )
Verbs (walk- write)
Adverbs (very – well)
Prepositions (with – to –in )
Articles (the – a – an)
Demonstratives (this – that )
Pronouns (I– she – it – they)
Conjunctions (and – but)

12. II. Bound morphemes/ Affixes
Bound morphemes are roots which cannot stand on their own. They always occur as being attached to other morphemes.
-mit permit – commit – admit
-ceive perceive – receive – conceive – deceive
-ology biology – psychology - pathology

13. II. Bound morphemes/ Affixes
An affix is abound morpheme that can be added to a word (root), and which changes the meaning or function of the word. There are 3 types of affixes:
a prefix is attached before a root (re-, un-, dis-, im-)
a suffix is attached after a root (-ly, -er, -ist,-s)
an infix is attached within a root

14. Exercise Identify the affixes: unemployment moralize
untouchable alcoholic
unsystematically mistreatment
present (v) unbelievable
misunderstand inaccurate
friendship enlarge
abstraction darken

15. Base A base is any unit to which affixes of any kind can be added:
inflectional affixes (syntactic reasons)
derivational affixes (meaning and/ or grammatical category)
All ROOTS are BASES

16. Stem
That part of a word that occurs before an inflectional affix is or can be added. For example, (book + s = books).
The stem of a word may be:
A simple stem consisting of only one morpheme (a root), e.g. work
A root plus a derivational affix, e.g. work + er =worker
Two or more roots, e.g. work + shop = workshop.

17. Bound Morphemes morphological information derivational morphemes
AFFIXES
Inflectional morphemes

18. Inflectional morphemes
Inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes that have a strictly grammatical function. Inflectional morphemes never change the syntactic category of the words or morphemes to which they are attached.
E.g.
I sail the ocean blue
He sails the ocean blue
John sailed the ocean blue
John has sailed the ocean blue
John is sailing the ocean blue

19. English Inflectional Morphemes
-s (third-person singular plural)
-ed (past tense)
-ing (progressive)
-en (past participle)
-s (plural)
-’s (possessive)
-er (comparative)
-est (superlative)

20. Inflectional morphemes
Unlike derivational morphemes, inflectional morphemes:
don’t change the part of speech
don’t pile up, only one ends a word

21. Examples Cats Oxen Treated Larger Talking Shortest Asks John’s
Mother-in-laws
Commitments
Sunburns
Morphemes

22. Derivational Morphemes
Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes that are added to a root morpheme or stem to derive a new word with a new meaning. Derivational morphemes sometimes change the word-class that a base belongs to, and/ or change the meaning of the base to which they are attached. Derivational morphemes have clear semantic content, and some DA can be treated as independent words (e.g. full)
E.g.
Pure (n)  purify (v)
Logic (n)  logical (adj)

23. Derivational Morphemes
Derivational morphemes are of 3 types:
Prefixes
Infixes
Suffixes
Other bound morphemes (pathology)

24. Derivational morphemes
Unlike inflectional morphemes, derivational morphemes:
sometimes change the word-class
the way they combine with base is mainly arbitrary
more than one DA can be added to the base
E.g.
antidisestablishment

25. English Derivational Morphemes class-changing
1. Nouns  Adjective
2. Verbs  Noun
health + full = healthful
boy + ish = boyish
Elizabeth + an = Elizabethan
life + like = lifelike
alcohol + ic = alcoholic
picture + esque = picturesque
affection + ate = afectionate
virtue + ous = virtuous
brand + ish = brandish
propose + al = proposal
clear + ance = clearance
accuse + ation = accusation
confer + ence = conference
free + dom = freedom
sing + er = singer
predict + ion = prediction

26. English Derivational Morphemes class-changing
3. Adjective  adverb
Nouns  verbs
exact + ly = exactly
quiet + ly = quietly
moral + ize = moralize
vaccine + ate = vaccinate
haste + n = hasten

27. English Derivational Morphemes class-changing
Adjectives  Noun
Verb  Adjective
tall + ness = tallness
specific + ity = specificity
feudal + ism = feudalism
abstract + ion = abstraction
true + th = truth
read + able = readable
create + ive = creative
run + y = runny
migrat + ory = migratory

28. English Derivational Morphemes class-maintaining
Noun  Noun
Verb  Verb
friend + ship = friendship
human + ity = humanity
man + hood = manhood
king + dom = kingdom
un + do = undo
re + cover = recover

29. English Derivational Morphemes class-maintaining
Adjective  Adjective
pink + ish = pinkish
in + flammable = inflammable

30. English Derivational Morphemes class-changing
N  V joy-enjoy
V  N motivate - motivation
N  Adj care - careful
Adj.  N true - truth
Adj. V soft –soften / wide - widen
Adj.  Adv careful - carefully

31. English Derivational Morphemes class-maintaining
N N (concrete abstract)
Man  manhood
King kingdom
Friend friendship

32. Exercise
Identify the inflectional affixes, derivational affixes, roots, bases, & stems in the following:
unbelievable - actors – renewed – faithfully
mistreatment - pickpockets – window-cleaners
insanity – psychology – shortest - unhappiness
unspeakable – uncivilized – McDonaldization - mistreatment

33. Inflectional affix
Derivational affix
Root
Stem
Base -
mis- + -ment
treat