1. Direct Speech Vs Indirect Speech

2. Three Kinds of Direct Speech displays

3. Type 1 He said, “The first hero in Thai history was King Ram Kam Hang.”

4. Type 2 “The first hero in Thai history was King Ram Kam Hang,” he said.

5. Type 3 “The first hero in Thai history,” he said, “was King Ram Kam Hang.”

6. How to use ‘Say and Tell’ 1.We use ‘tell’ if we want to say who we are speaking to: -Did you tell Nancy how to get there? 2. We use ‘say’ when we do not mention the person we are speaking to: -All the doctors say there’s nothing wrong with me.

7. Changing DS to IDS Change “Tense” Change “Personal pronoun” Change “Nearness to Distance Change “Reporting verb”

8. Changing Tenses Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Past Continuous Future Form Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Future in the Past Forms He said, "I live in Paris." He said he lived in Paris. He said, "I am cooking dinner." He said he was cooking dinner. He said, "I have visited London twice." He said he had visited London twice. He said, "I went to New York last week." He said he had gone to New York the week before. He said, "I had already eaten." He said he had already eaten. He said, "I am going to find a new job." He said he was going to find a new job. He said, "I will give Jack a call." He said he would give Jack a call.

9. When do we change the tense? 1.After a past-tense verb, there is often a tense change. 2.If the statement is still up to date, then we have a choice to change or to maintain. 3.If the statement is no longer up to date, then we change the tense. 4.We usually change the tense if we think the statement is untrue or may be untrue.

10. Modal Verbs can He said, “I can go to school every day.” could He said (that) he could go to school every day. may He said, “I may go to school every day.” might He said (that) he might go to school every day. might He said, “I might go to school every day.” must He said, “I must go to school every day.” had to He said (that) he had to go to school every day. have to He said, “I have to go to school every day.” should He said, “I should go to school every day.” should He said (that) he should go to school every day. ought to He said, “I ought to go to school every day.” ought to He said (that) he ought to go to school every day

11. Nearness to Distance DirectIndirect this these now here ago tonight today last night yesterday last month last week next week tomorrow that those then, at that time there before that night that day the night before the day before, the previous day the month before the week before the following week the following day, the next day