1. Chapter 12: Human Growth and Development

2. The Male Reproductive System
Primary Organs
Gonads: testes
Accessory Structures
Ducts that transport sperm cells & hormones
Exocrine glands

3. The Male Reproductive System (cont’d)

4. Testes Located outside body, midline below torso
Suspended by spermatic cord in scrotum
Spermatic cord: bundle of blood & lymphatic vessels & nerves
Oval-shaped
Site of sperm generation
Produce testosterone

5. Structure of the Testis

6. Testosterone Main male sex hormone
Diffuses from testes into surrounding fluid & is absorbed into bloodstream
Functions:
Develops & maintains reproductive structures
Develops sperm cells
Develops secondary sex characteristics (deeper voice, body hair)

7. Spermatozoa Sperm cells Fertilize egg cell
>200 million in average ejaculation
Manufactured continuously after puberty in testes
Head: nucleus containing chromosomes, enzymes to penetrate ovum
Tail: propels sperm through female reproductive system to reach ovum

8. Accessory Structures Epididymis Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct
Coiled tube on surface of testes
Stores sperm
Vas deferens
Duct in spermatic cord
Carries sperm to ejaculatory duct
Ejaculatory duct
Delivers sperm to urethra
Penis: delivers sperm to vagina during intercourse

9. Semen Mix of sperm cells & secretions from other glands
Expelled from body in ejaculation
Functions of secretions in semen:
Nourish sperm cells
Transport them
Neutralize acidity of male urethra & female vaginal tract
Lubricate female reproductive tract during intercourse
Prevent infection by using antibacterial enzymes & antibodies

10. The Urethra and Penis Urethra Penis
Tube that transports both urine & semen through pelvic cavity & penis
Ejection of semen made possible by erection
Penis
Made of spongy tissue that engorges with blood when erect
Contractions of skeletal muscles in pelvic floor expel semen
Penis & scrotum make up male external genitalia

11. Common Diseases and Conditions of the Male Reproductive System
Enlarged prostate
Prostate cancer
Testicular cancer
Orchitis
Cryptorchidism
Epididymitis

12. The Female Reproductive System
Ovaries
Female gonads
Site of egg formation
Accessory Structures
Uterus
Various passageways
Bartholin glands
External genitalia
Breasts

13. The Female Reproductive System (cont’d)

14. The Female Reproductive System (cont’d)

15. The Ovaries Outer layer consists of single layer of epithelium
Ovarian follicle
Cluster of cells where ovum ripens
Secretes estrogen, beginning development of endometrium
Ovulation
Follicle ruptures & discharges ripened egg
Menstruation
The sloughing off of endometrium
Expulsion of unfertilized egg

16. Accessory Structures Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina Bartholin glands
Vulva & perineum
Breasts

17. The Menstrual Cycle Process that prepares female’s body for pregnancy
Egg ripens & is released
Endometrium is prepared
If no fertilization:
Estrogen & progesterone levels decrease
Bloody discharge
Average duration: 2 to 6 days

18. Common Diseases and Conditions of the Female Reproductive System
Cervical cancer
Ovarian tumors
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Uterine cancer
Breast cancer
Endometriosis
Fibroid tumors
Menstrual disorders
Yeast infection

19. Effects of Aging on the Reproductive System
Men: decrease in testosterone production
Women: menopause—menstruation gradually ceases

20. Common Diseases and Conditions of Both the Male & Female Reproductive Systems
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Genital herpes
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Pubic lice
Infertility

21. Factors Influencing Growth and Development
Heredity
Prenatal factors (mother’s age/health during pregnancy)
Caregiver factors (mental illness)
Individual differences (vision & hearing impairments)
Health or illness
Environment, including culture
Nutrition

22. Stages of Growth and Development
Embryo & fetus
Neonate (birth to 1 month)
Infant (1 month to 1 year)
Toddler (1-3 years)
Preschool child (3-6 years)
School-aged child (6-12 years)
Adolescent (12-18 years)
Young adult (18-40 years)
Middle-aged adult ( years)
Older adult (>65 years)

23. Stages of Grief
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

24. Theories of Development
Erik Erikson
Robert J. Havighurst
Sigmund Freud
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs