1. Human Reproduction

2. The Sexual Life Cycle

3. Structures Drawings – labels and functions Male reproductive system
Female reproduction system

5. nucleus containing DNA
Sex cells – sperm
In males, the sex cells are called sperm.
tail
middle piece
head
cell membrane
nucleus containing DNA
Sperm are produced in sex organs called testes.

6. The Testis
These cells secrete the male sex hormone called testosterone
When sexual maturity (puberty) occurs, testosterone is responsible for the development of male characteristics
Such as
The growth of hair on the face, armpits and pubic areas
Lowering of voice
Development of muscles which give males their shape such as broad shoulders

7. What happens during puberty?
Humans are born with a complete set of sex organs. However, they do not usually become active until between the ages of 10 and 18.
In males, the testes start to make sperm, and in females, the ovaries start to release eggs.
This stage of development is called puberty.
During this important time, many changes take place in the bodies of young men and women.

8. Ducts responsible for carrying the spermatozoa
The tubes responsible for carrying the spermatozoa include:
Epididymis
Vas deferens
ejaculatory ducts
urethra

9. The Testis These cells are rich in glycogen
This glycogen serves as nutrients for the spermatids as they develop into sperm cells
Between the seminiferous tubules are intestitial cells called cells of Leydig

10. Functions of the accessory glands
Seminal Vesicles
Secretes a fluid that nourishes and enables sperm to move.
Prostate gland
Secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidity.
Cowper’s glands
Two glands by prostate that secrete a fluid that neutralizes acidity.

12. The male reproductive system

13. The female reproductive system

14. An overview This system consists of: A pair of ovaries
A fallopian tube or oviduct
The uterus or womb
The vagina or birth canal
The vulva or external opening

15. The Ovaries
When puberty occurs, the female sex hormones are responsible for the development of female characteristics
Such as:
Increase in size of breasts
Development of pubic and armpit hair
And menstruation

16. The Uterus
Two fallopian tubes open into the uterus which is pear shaped, hollow organ with muscular walls
The ling of the uterus is called endometrium, is richly supplied with blood vessels

20. The Ovaries The germinal epithelium produces the follicles
Oogenesis takes place within the follicles to produce the ova
Follicles secrete the female hormones oestrogen and progesterone

21. The Uterus
The neck of the uterus, called the cervix, extends into the vagina
The uterus serves for the attachment of the embryo
Fertilisation takes place

22. Processes
Gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis

23. Gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis refers to the process by which spermatozoa are produced from the germinal epithelium of the testis
Oogenesis is the process where ova is produced from germinal epithelium of the ovaries

24. Spermatogenesis
At puberty, the germinal epithelial cells lining the seminiferous tubules start to produce spermatozoa by meiosis
Each germinal epithelium is diploid and in humans the diploid number is 46
Since the sperm is produced by meiosis, each one will be haploid with 22 single chromosome and X or Y chromosome

25. Spermatogenesis The process is as follows:
Cells of germinal epithelium become actively dividing cells called spermatogonia
Each spermatogonium, which is diploid (2n), enlarges to become a primary spermatocyte (also 2n)

29. Spermatogenesis
Primary spermatocyte undergoes the first meiotic division forming 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes
Each secondary spermatocyte undergoes the second meiotic division to produce 2 spermatids
Each spermatid matures to form a spermatozoan
Each spermatozoan is made up of a head, a middle-piece and a tail