1. UNIVERSAL WORLD VALUES…?

2. WORLD VALUES
Rushworth Kidder wrote a book entitled, Shared Values for a Troubled World
He interviewed people in 16 different countries
He identified 8 values universal to all 16 countries
How accurate is his data? There are 192 recognized countries by the UN and countless ethnicities worldwide.

3. 16 Countries 8 values FAIRNESS FREEDOM LOVE RESPECT FOR LIFE
RESPONSIBILITY
TOLERANCE
TRUTH
UNITY

4. VARIABLE IN HIS STUDY
DID ALL THE COUNTRIES DEFINE THE VALUE IN THE SAME WAY?
What are some words that you see as hard to define across cultures? Why?

5. CULTURAL UNIVERSALS
CULTURAL UNIVERSALS ARE DIFFERENT FROM UNIVERSAL VALUES
CULTURAL UNIVERSALS-NEEDS THAT ARE BASIC TO A GROUP OF PEOPLE SO THAT THEY DEVELOP CERTAIN FEATURES TO ENSURE THEIR FULFILLMENT.
CAN A CULTURAL UNIVERSAL TRAIT BE A RESOURCE?

6. CULTURAL UNIVERSALS
Cultural Anthropologist George Murdock examined hundreds of different cultures in an attempt to determine general traits common to all cultures. He compiled more than 65 traits some include:
Body adornment, cooking, dancing, family, feasting, forms of greeting, funeral ceremonies, gift giving, housing, language, medicine, music, myths, folklore, religion, sports, and toolmaking.
Did he find that all cultures had the same ways of carrying these traits out?

7. CULTURAL VALUES
What factors account for the many cultural differences between two societies?
You may have marriage in both but in one arranged marriages are commonplace, and in the other marriage occurs between lovers.
How do we evaluate other cultures?
Ethnocentrism
Cultural Relativism

8. HOW DO VALUES BECOME PART OF WHO YOU ARE?
SOCIAL NORMS
SHARED RULES OF CONDUCT THAT TELL PEOPLE HOW TO ACT IN SPECIFIC SITUATIONS
SOCIETIES NEED NORMS
HOW ARE THEY ENFORCED?

9. NORMS-SHARED RULES OF CONDUCT
NORMS OF a society
NORMS-SHARED RULES OF CONDUCT
FOLKWAYS
MORES
LAWS

10. 2 distinct ways norms are enforced
1. INTERNALIZATION-to internalize a norm, to make it part of your personality, conditioning a person to society’s expectations

11. 2 distinct ways norms are enforced
2. SANCTIONS-rewards and or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms
Positive-action that rewards behavior
Negative-punishment to enforce conformity
Formal-reward or punishment by a formal organization
Informal-spontaneous expression of disapproval or approval by an individual or group

12. SOCIAL CONTROL
SOCIAL CONTROL IS THE ENFORCING OF NORMS THROUGH INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL MEANS
INTERNAL: SELF CONTROL-LEARNED THROUGH INTERNALIZATION OF NORMS
EXTERNAL: OUTSIDE FORCES, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
CAN A SOCIETY FUNCTION WITHOUT AN EFFECTIVE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL CONTROL?