1. BM3 Introduction to English Linguistics Part II
Session 3: Phonology

2. Contact options & handing in the portfolio:
A mail box across the hall (A10)
phone
All information can be found on my homepage:

3. Literature
Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., Hyams, N. (2006). An Introduction to Language. 8th ed. Wadsworth.
Roach, P. (2000). English Phonetics & Phonology – A Practical Course. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP.
Ladefoged, P. (2006). A Course in Phonetics. 5th ed.
Hanke, J. & Intemann, F. (2000). The Interactive Introduction to Linguistics. CD ROM. Version 2.0. München: Hueber.
See Handapparat for further introductory books

4. IPA Font Download fonts to use for transcription in portfolio:
Doulos SIL Font:
Download/ install to your fonts folder
Choose font in your text document
Insert symbols (or define a key combination as short cut)

5. Overview: Where are we? Phonetics/ Phonology Morphology Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
Applied Linguistics (Historical Linguistics, Sociolinguistics, Textlinguistics, Psycholinguistics, Neurolinguistics, Computational Linguistics, …)
major areas
of (theoretical) linguistics

6. Phonetic Description of Sounds
Phonation
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation
Lip rounding

7. Places of Articulation: the Vocal Tract

8. Places of Articulation: the Tongue
Center

9. Bilabial ‘‘Stops‘‘: nasal (velum lowered) vs. oral (velum raised)
bilabial nasal
bilabial plosives

10. Places of Articulation: Consonantal Chart

11. Places of Articulation: Consonantal Chart
International
Phonetics
Association

12. Places of Articulation:
Vowels

13. Diphthongs I: Received Pronunciation (RP)
closing
centering

14. Diphthongs II: American English

15. Phonetics vs. Phonology

16. Phonemes, Phones, & Allophones
/ /
[phone1] [phone2] [phone3]
Phoneme
Head term
Family of speech sounds
Allophones

17. Phonemes, Phones, & Allophones
/ t /
Phoneme
[tʰ] [ t˺] [tʷ] [tˡ]
Allophones

18. Minimal Pairs Definition:
Two words with different meanings that differ only in one phoneme in the same position in each word.
e.g. beat vs. meat
here vs. dear
mad vs. man
/biːt/ /miːt/
/hiːr/ /diːr/
/mæd/ /mæn/

19. Your Turn!
The following sets of minimal pairs show that English /p/ and /b/ contrast in initial, medial, and final positions.
Initial Medial Final
pit/ bit rapid/ rabbit cap/ cab
Find similar sets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given.
a. /k/ - /ɡ/ d. /b/ - /v/ g. /s/ - /ʃ/
b. /m/ - /n/ e. /b/ - /m/ h. /ʧ/ - /ʤ/
c. /l/ - /r/ f. /p/ - /f/ i. /s/ - /z/
Fromkin, Rodman & Hymes. Ch.7. Exercise 1.

20. Stressing out about stress?
primary stress: / ˈ / as in /əˈbaʊt/, /ˈbeɪsɪk/, /bəˈnænɑ/
secondary stress: /ˌ /
as in /ˌlɪŋˈɡwɪs.tɪks/, /ˈaɪsˌkɹiːm/

21. Connected Speech Pronunciation of individual words changes in context
Depending on the sentence stress, some words are „weakened“ (so-called weak forms)
Typically function words

22. The North Wind & the Sun
ðə ˈnɔɹθ ˌwɪnd ən ə ˈsʌn wɚ dɪsˈpjuɾɪŋ ˈwɪtʃ wəz ðə ˈstɹɑːŋgɚ, wɛn ə ˈtɹævlɚ ˌkeɪm əˈlɑːŋ ˈɹæpt ɪn ə ˈwɔɹm ˈkloʊk. ðeɪ əˈgɹiːd ðət ðə ˈwʌn hu ˈfɚst səkˈsiːdəd ɪn ˈmeɪkɪŋ ðə ˈtɹævlɚ ˈteɪk ɪz ˈkloʊk ˌɑf ʃʊd bi kənˈsɪdɚd ˈstɹɑːŋgɚ ðən ðɪ ˈʌðɚ. ðɛn ðə ˈnɔɹθ ˌwɪnd ˈbluː əz ˈhɑɹd əz hi ˈkʊd, bət ðə ˈmɔɹ hi ˈbluː ðə ˈmɔɹ ˈkloʊsli dɪd ðə ˈtɹævlɚ ˈfoʊld hɪz ˈkloʊk əˈɹaʊnd ɪm; ˌæn ət ˈlæst ðə ˈnɔɹθ ˌwɪnd ˌgeɪv ˈʌp ði əˈtɛmpt. ˈðɛn ðə ˈsʌn ˈʃaɪnd ˌaʊt ˈwɔɹmli ənd ɪˈmiːdiətli ðə ˈtɹævlɚ ˈtʊk ˌɑf ɪz kloʊk. ən ˈso ðə ˈnɔɹθ ˌwɪnd wəz əˈblaɪdʒ tɪ kənˈfɛs ðət ðə ˈsʌn wəz ðə ˈstɹɑŋgɚ əv ðə ˈtuː.

23. The North Wind & the Sun
The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak. They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveler take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveler fold his cloak around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then the Sun shined out warmly, and immediately the traveler took off his cloak. And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two.

24. Your Turn!
Fill in the blanks (weak forms) in either British or American English. Exercise from Roach, Ch.12

25. „The Walrus and the Carpenter“ by Lewis Carroll
There is one major error in each transcription line that is an impossible pronunciation for any American English speaker.
The error may consist of an extra symbol, a missing symbol, or a wrong symbol in the word.
Note that the phonetic given is a narrow transcription; aspiration is marked, as is the nasalization of vowels. This is to illustrate a detailed transcription.
However, none of the errors involve aspiration or nasalization of vowels.
Write the word in which the error occurs in the correct phonetic transcription.
Fromkin, Rodman & Hymes. Ch.6. Exercise 4.

26. ðǝ tʰajm hæz cʌm [kʰʌm] ðǝ wɔlrǝs sed tʰu tʰɔlk ǝv mɛni θĩŋz
„The Walrus and the Carpenter“ by Lewis Carroll
ðǝ tʰajm hæz cʌm [kʰʌm]
ðǝ wɔlrǝs sed
tʰu tʰɔlk ǝv mɛni θĩŋz
ǝv ʃuz ãnd ʃɪps
ænd silĩŋ wæx
ǝv kʰæbǝɡǝz ænd kʰĩŋz
ænd wɛθǝr pʰɪɡz hæv wĩŋz