1. What is a suffix?
A suffix is a word part that is added to the end of a word. Sometimes it changes the meaning of a word and its part of speech.

2. Suffix -ed
The suffix –ed is added to verbs (action words) to place the action in the past.
(For example: Today I clean, yesterday I cleaned the house.)

3. Phonics Rules

4. -ed has three sounds. If a base word ends in the sound /d/
or /t/, adding -ed makes another syllable that says /ed/ and is pronounced as an extra syllable. For example: faintED

5. Some regular past tense words that say /ed/
acted
frosted
added
shouted
ended
avoided
painted
started
crowded
counted
floated
pointed
landed
sounded
printed

6. -ed says /d/
If the base word ends in a voiced consonant sound, the ending ed says /d/ (For example: arrive/arrived; waved is pronounced /wayvd/)
The -ed ending is not pronounced as an extra syllable.

7. Some regular past tense words that say /d/
called
crawled
yelled
destroyed
stayed
screamed
rained
allowed
spelled
frowned
learned
enjoyed
failed
listened

8. -ed says /t/
If the base word ends in an unvoiced consonant sound, the ending -ed says /t/ (jumped). Unvoiced consonant sounds are c, ch, f, gh, k, ks, p, s, sh, t...etc– the –ed sound sounds like /t/ and is not pronounced as an extra syllable. (For example: forced – pronounced /forst/)

9. Some regular past tense words that say /t/
asked
wished
helped
walked
packed
mixed
laughed
cracked
passed
dressed
forced
fixed
licked
bumped
thanked
jumped

10. Spelling Rules

11. Add –ed to a regular verb
The most common spelling characteristic
of the regular past tense of a verb is that
-ed is added to the base form of the verb:
for example, opened, knocked, stayed, etc.
(Examples of irregular verbs are go, went, gone. We will learn these later).

12. Rule 1: Words ending with a C-V-C Pattern
One-syllable words:
If the word ends in a CVC pattern, it gets a double consonant + ED.
Examples:
rub – rubbed
stop - stopped
Two-syllable words:
If the stress is on the first syllable, the word only gets one consonant + ED. Examples:
visit – visited
open – opened
If the stress is on the second syllable, the word gets a double consonant + ED. Examples:
refer – referred
admit - admitted
*note: Words ending in w,x,y,z do not follow this rule, simply add ED, Examples: snow > snowed

13. Rule 2: Words ending in E If the word ends in E, simply add D
Examples:
smile – smiled
fine - fined

14. Rule 3: Words ending in Y
Consonant + Y
If the word ends in Y, and has a consonant before it, change the y to i and add ed. Examples:
study – studied
marry - married
Vowel + Y
If the word ends in Y, and has a vowel before it, simply add ED. Examples:
play – played
stay - stayed

15. Rule 4: Other words... Words ending in two vowels + a consonant
If the word ends in two vowels + a consonant, simply add ED. Examples:
dream -dreamed
rain - rained
Words ending in a double consonant: If the word ends in a double consonant, simply add ED. Examples:
park -parked
earn- earned