1. World War I
Worldwide impact

2. World War I ( )
World War I ( ) was caused by competition among industrial nations in Europe and a failure of diplomacy. The war transformed European and American life, wrecked the economies of Europe, and planted the seeds for a second world war.

3. Questions What were the factors that produced World War I?
What were the major events of the war?
Who were the major leaders?
What were the outcomes and global effects of World War I?
What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

4. Alliances The alliance system in Europe started with Prussia
Prussia wanted to unite the German states into a German nation
Germany united (allied) with Austria-Hungary and Italy
France and Germany were enemies and so France allied with Russia

5. Alliances

6. Alliances
Great Britain remained neutral until Germany started to build up its navy
Great Britain loosely allied with France and Russia forming the Triple Entente
Nationalism – intense pride for one’s homeland was a powerful idea in Europe
Self-determination – the idea that people who belong to a nation should have their own country and government, was a basic idea of nationalism

7. “Balkan Powder Keg” Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
In the Balkans, many ethnic groups fought to gain political unity and self-rule
This led to conflicts between Austria-Hungry and neighboring groups in the Balkan regions
Russia supports “Serbs/Slavs”
This will end up being the “straw that breaks the camel back”
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

9. Alliances
A small country called Serbia, allied with Russia, wanted a unified Balkan nation
A Serb national assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand
This assassination forced Austria-Hungary to declare war with Germany siding with them
Russia, allied with Serbia, declared war with France siding with them (France wanted Germany defeated)

11. Militarism / Alliances / Imperialism / Nationalism
MAIN causes of WW I
Militarism / Alliances / Imperialism / Nationalism
Spark: Archduke Ferdinand (Austria) assassinated

12. What is Militarism? A rise in military expenditure,
Increase in the size of land military and naval forces
More influence of the military men upon the policies of the civilian government,
But note that militarism is also a government's attitude of mind, seeing war as a valid means of foreign policy.  
(GERMANY was especially militaristic.)
Think of Otto Von Bismarck and Realpolitik

13. Causes of World War I Militarism
Alliances that divided Europe into competing camps
Imperialism: The domination of the political, economic or cultural life of another country
Nationalistic feelings
Diplomatic failures
Competition over colonies

14. Germany and Austria-Hungary
World War I
The war began in Europe in 1914:
Central Powers
Germany and Austria-Hungary
Allies
Britain, France, and Russia.

15. Major Events
Assassination of Austria’s Archduke Ferdinand, he was shot by a Serbian nationalist.
United States enters the war
Russia leaves the war – 1917 (Communist Revolution led by Lenin)

16. Major leaders Woodrow Wilson – President of United States
Kaiser Wilhelm II – German leader
Tsar Nicholas II – Russian leader

17. The War
Western Front: France
Trench Warfare

18. Drop out of war in 1917 after Bolshevik Revolution
Eastern Front: Russia
Drop out of war in 1917 after Bolshevik Revolution

19. Advanced Weapons
Airplane
Gas
Tanks

20. Trench Warfare

21. Trench Warfare
“No Man’s Land”

22. United States enters the War
Loyalty to England
Why????

23. German “unrestricted submarine warfare”
Lusitania: 1100 people dead / 120 Americans

24. Zimmerman Telegram
Germany to ask Mexico to attack the U.S.

25. “To Make The World Safe For Democracy”
The Yanks Are Coming!
“To Make The World Safe For Democracy”

26. 11 a.m., November 11, 1918
End of WW I

27. Introduction
World War I was over. The killing had stopped. The terms of peace, however, still had to be worked out. On January 18, 1919, a conference to establish those terms began at the Palace of Versailles, outside Paris. Attending the talks, known as the Paris Peace Conference, were delegates representing 32 countries. For one year, this conference would be the scene of vigorous, often bitter debate. The Allied powers struggled to solve their conflicting aims in various peace treaties.

28. Key Leaders Come Together
This group of leaders was known as the Big Four dominated the peace talks in Paris at Versailles.

29. United States
President Woodrow Wilson

30. France
Georges Clemenceau

31. Great Britain
Prime Minister, David Lloyd George

32. Italy
Vittorio Orlando

33. Outcomes and global effect
Colonies’ participation in the war, which increased demands for independence
End of the Russian Imperial, Ottoman, German, and Austro-Hungarian empires
Enormous cost of the war in lives, property, and social disruption

34. Wilson’s Plan for Peace
Wilson proposes Fourteen Points—an outline for lasting world peace.
Calls for free trade and an end to alliances and military buildups
Promotes self-determination—right of people to govern their own nation
Envisions international peace-keeping body to settle world disputes

35. Treaty of Versailles
Forced Germany to accept responsibility for war and loss of territory and to pay reparations
Limited the German military
League of Nations

36. The Versailles Treaty
Britain and France oppose Wilson’s ideas and want to punish Germany.
Allies and Germany sign an accord—the Treaty of Versailles—in June 1919.
Creates League of Nations—international organization to keep peace.
Blames Germans for war, forces Germany to pay damages (reparations) to nations.
League to rule German colonies until deemed ready for independence.

37. Treaty of Versailles (Verse-EYE)
The French and English insisted on punishment of Germany.
A League of Nations was created.
National boundaries were redrawn, creating many new nations.

38. Wilson’s 14 Points Wilson’s goals for the world after the war
“War to end all wars!”

39. Principles of 14 Points Self determination Arms reduction
Non punishment
Free Seas
No secret treaties
Free trade

40. 14th Point League of Nations
Settle conflicts before they turn into war
Wilson’s most important point
Most controversial

41. Treaty of Versailles Germany League of Nations created
Full blame for war
Demilitarized
$30 Billion bill (reparations)
League of Nations created
No Germany
No U.S.

42. 1917 Revolution and Rise of Communism
Tsarist Russia entered World War I as an absolute monarchy with sharp class divisions between the nobility and the peasants. The grievances of workers and peasants were not resolved by the Tsar. Inadequate administration in World War I led to revolution and an unsuccessful provisional government. A second revolution by the Bolsheviks created the communist state that ultimately became the U.S.S.R.

43. Questions
Why did Russia erupt in revolution while fighting in World War I?
How did communism rise in Russia?

44. Causes of 1917 Revolutions Defeat in war with Japan in 1905
Landless peasantry
Incompetence of Tsar Nicholas II
Military defeats and high casualties in World War I.

45. Russian Revolution Czar Nicholas II’s reforms were too little too late
No industrial power = no national power
Loss to the Japanese was humiliating announcement of weakness
WWI participation sucked Russia dry and made civil war inevitable
Weak resistance to well organized and mobilized Bolshevik radicals
Total abdication and assassination end the Romanov Dynasty

46. Rise of communism Bolshevik Revolution and civil war
Vladimir Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP)
Joseph Stalin, Lenin’s successor
According to communism, history is dominated by the struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat – the upper class and the laborer.
Karl Marx, a German economist/philosopher is credited with the idea of communism.

47. Vladimir Lenin Marxist Revolutionary
NEP allowed some capitalism and helped Soviet economy recover from early communist stagnation
Dies of stroke, 1924

48. Leon Trotsky Co-founder with Lenin Organized and trained the RED ARMY
Practice of decimation made Red Army “effective”
Rival of Stalin’
Assassinated in Mexico with an ice-pick

49. Understanding the League of Nations and the mandate system
After World War I, international organizations and agreements were established to avoid future conflicts.
What was the League of Nations and why did it fail?
Why was the mandate system created?

50. League of Nations International cooperative organization
Established to prevent future wars
United States not a member
Failure of League because it did not have power to enforce its decisions

51. The mandate system
During World War I, Great Britain and France agreed to divide large portions of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East between themselves.
After the war, the “mandate system” gave Great Britain and France control over the lands that became Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine (British controlled) and Syria and Lebanon (French controlled)
The division of the Ottoman Empire through the mandate system planted the seeds for future conflicts in the Middle East.

52. Europe Pre-World War I

54. New European Countries Post World War I
Finland-land lost by Russia
Estonia-land lost by Russia
Latvia-land lost by Russia
Lithuania-land lost by Russia
Poland-restored from land lost by Germany and Russia
Czechoslovakia
Austria
Hungary
Romania-gained land
Yugoslavia

55. Mandates in Africa and Middle East
French Mandate of Syria
French Mandate of Lebanon
British Mandate of Palestine
British Mandate of Transjordan
British Mandate of Iraq
British Togoland
French Togoland
British Cameroon
French Cameroon
Ruanda-Urundi
Tanganyika
South-West Africa

56. “A Peace Built on Quicksand”
Treaty of Versailles creates feelings of bitterness on both sides
German people feel bitter and betrayed after taking blame for war
America never ratifies Treaty of Versailles
Many Americans oppose League of Nations and involvement with Europe
Some former colonies express anger over not winning independence
Japan, Italy criticize agreement; gain less land than they want