1. Chapter 10 Medieval Kingdoms in Europe
LESSON 1 – Feudalism
LESSON 2 – Peasants, Trade and Cities
LESSON 3 – The Growth of European Kingdoms
780 Irene the only female to rule Byzantine Empire
The Early Middle Ages
During the early Middle Ages, Europe was a relatively backward region cut off from the advanced civilizations of Byzantium, the Middle East, China and India Between 700 and 1000, Europe was battered by invaders
Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: – 1250
Late Middle Ages: – 1500
Fortnight – a period of two weeks
Europe continues to function as it did before the Western Roman Empire fell until the 7th century when Europe became isolated due to the advances by the Muslim Caliphates

2. Medieval Kingdoms in Europe
Charlemagne's empire did not survive long after his death
Grandsons divided it up
Invasions by Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims encouraged a new system of defense known as feudalism
No law that everything to oldest son upon death
*Primogeniture (primus gentitus) first born son
The right, by law or custom, of the paternally acknowledged, firstborn son to inherit his parent's entire or main estate, in preference to daughters, elder illegitimate sons, younger sons and collateral relatives. The son of a deceased elder brother inherits before a living younger brother by right of substitution for the deceased heir
Charlemagne didn’t levy taxes, made empire weaker
Treaty of Verdan 843, empire split b/w Charlemagne’s grandson’s
Vikings & Magyars invaded several times, but converted to Christianity
Recurring trend of invaders merging w/ civilization & merging into common one in WE based on religion
Magyars – Hungarian tribes

4. INVASIONS
793 Vikings attack island of Lindisfarne, England and sack the Abby. This event considered the beginning of the Viking age
Carolingian empire invaded – Muslims, Magyars, Avars, Vikings…
Vikings came from Scandinavia – known as Norsemen
Raided quickly and brutally
Large warships with 16 ft. prows could hold 300 men
Traded and farmed as well; traveled far and wide
Eventually accepted Christianity, warmer climate made farming easier – invasions stopped
Magyars and Muslims also invaded on horseback – because invasions people looked to local rulers to protect them

5. FEUDALISM
The Carolingian Empire of Charlemagne fell: internal fighting outside attacks Most feared attacks from the Vikings, or NORSEMEN (men from the north)
Feudalism - Can not be generalized, never a feudal system - word was invented in the 17th century
Never a system that all medieval people would have understood
Never the only way relationships between powerful men of the ruling class were regulated
Never the only way governmental services were provided to the people

6. FEUDALISM Where exactly? 1) Vikings were from Scandinavia
Why did the Vikings begin the raids?
Little farmland and what was available was taken they left to find there own land and fortunes
Found Europe to be vulnerable

7. FEUDALISM
2) Germanic people who loved adventure and war 3) Sacked European towns looking for spoils of war

8. FEUDALISM
4) Great shipbuilders -"dragon ships" could sail on rivers and attack areas off the coast

9. FEUDALISM
5) By mid-9th century - had begun to settle in places in Europe 6) 911CE Frankish ruler gave the Vikings land in Northern France - later known as Normandy 7) Franks willing to let the Vikings settle if converted to Christianity thus the Vikings became part of European civilization
After the Viking threat Europe is left in a virtual military state
There were a bunch of trained knights and soldiers, what to do with them
Local lords hired them to extract what they could from the local populace
Majority of Knights were nothing more than thugs
Killings so savage and random the church got involved and made laws against such violence with the help of relics
Then the warriors had a cause, the crusades offered as a free ticket to heaven and knowing what they had done would certainly keep them from heaven it was a chance at redemption

10. FEUDALISM The Development of Feudalism
Centralized Rule: all power in the hands of one person, such as a king
After the centralized control of the Carolingians was lost, FEUDALISM was a system of protection developed in Europe because of invasions
Feudalism in Europe had made a hierarchy type ruling system which we still use today
Feudalism then led to a pope
The Pope in the 12th century had great power to excommunicate people
In modern times the Pope very much does the same in the Catholic Church which was originated in this time period
Rise of cities -
- This was really the first time that freedom had come into play in European civilizations because rulers needed people to move to cities to work so rulers offered city dwellers freedom from serfdom
The rise of cities also helped develop cities that were economically and politically stable which we have today
Towns and cities were the economic engines of Europe

11. FEUDALISM
The Development of Feudalism One of the main principles of feudalism the idea of VASSALAGE When trained warriors swore loyalty to a "LORD " who took care of them
Vassals – lesser lords
Fiefs – estates granted to vassals
Three-field system
“Great Clearing” – clearing of forests for farmland during Middle Ages
Agricultural surpluses created specialization of labor (much like ancient civilizations)
Code of Chivalry
Primogeniture
* Women had few rights, viewed as property
- serfs (Peasants)
Arabs (Abbasid Caliphate) very worldly
Feudal Europeans very provincial
Bangkars – middle class merchants
Hanseatic League

12. FEUDALISM
Europe had many rulers with vast landholdings, and some known as KINGS they were not kings of a country, but powerful, wealthy men

13. FEUDALISM
Could this "king" protect his great estate alone? NO! feudalism developed over time A system where people with differing contributions could work together for the protection of all

14. SERF = people who worked the land
KING > land, includes people who work land > lord or vassal
FIEF = land granted to a lord or vassal
SERF = people who worked the land

17. The lord could use the land as he wished… Example: Splitting his holding up and granting fiefs to lesser lords This land holding was the most important gift that could be given a lord The relationship between the Lord and Vassal required military service in return (usually about 40 days per year)

18. KNIGHTS: armored Calvary who did most of the fighting for the lords

19. The peasants and serfs would work on the land and pay rent in return for protection

20. Sometimes a very complicated system - feudal relationships often unclear The Feudal Contract was a set of unwritten rules concerning each party's responsibilities to each other Example: Vassals could serve both Kings and Lords above them…but what if they became enemies? Kings, lords and vassals formed the aristocracy (nobles) in Europe
1st Estate (clergy)
2nd Estate (nobles, aristocracy)
3rd Estate (everyone else)

21. defend the Church and defenseless people
CHIVALRY was an ethical code of civilized behavior that the knights were to uphold:
defend the Church and defenseless people
2) treat captives well and with dignity
3) treat women with respect
Chivalry was that of the Nights and Nobles which then became manners (manners born from chivalry).
Be always ready with your armor on, except when you are taking your rest at night. * Defend the poor and help them that cannot defend themselves. * Do nothing to hurt or offend anyone else. * Be prepared to fight in the defense of your country. * At whatever you are working, try to win honor and a name for honesty. * Never break your promise. * Maintain honor of your country with your life. Rather die honestly then live shamelessly. * Chivalry requireth that youth should be trained to perform the most laborious and humble offices with cheerfulness and grace; and do good unto others
Later development of Manners and Middle Class 
Middling classes to middle class - MANNERS eat with mouth shut don’t talk with food in your mouth
or (later) speaking correctly not lazy speaking Mom not Ma and do not say aint
Manners - code of how to conduct oneself
It wasn't where you are from or what family name you had
it was how you lived that separated you from the lower classes

22. NOPE Women's roles varied at this time: Were subservient to men
2) many noble women helped in running estates for their husbands
3) peasant women worked hard in agriculture and at home
NOPE