1. What factors and events influenced the outcome of the Civil War?
Chapter 22 – The Civil War
What factors and events influenced the outcome of the Civil War?

2. Preview

4. 22.2 – Preparing for War
President Abraham Lincoln had a quick response for the attack on Fort Sumter
Calling for 75,000 volunteers to serve and preserve the Union
President Jefferson Davis, the newly elected president of the Confederate States of America, likewise called for volunteers to defend the South

6. Northern Strengths Population: 22 million More wealth More technology
The South only had 9 million
More wealth
Most of the banks
More technology
90% of manufacturing
Natural resources
There’s iron, coal, copper, & gold in them thar hills!
More farms
Feed the troops!
The Southern farms were mostly plantations that grew cotton or tobacco by this point. The North had the “Wheat Belt” where the majority of food was grown.

7. Northern Strengths Controlled the seas Controlled the railroads
In the Navy, yes, you can sail the seven seas.
In the Navy, yes, you can put your mind at ease.
Controlled the railroads
Quickly able to transport troops and supplies

8. Northern Weakness Military leadership Lincoln
1/3rd of the Union military resigned and returned home to the south
Lincoln was constantly looking for new leadership
Lincoln
New
Lacked political & military experience

9. Southern Strengths Home field advantage Territory HUGE coastline
The North would have to come to them
Why is this an advantage? This past wars we’ve discussed…
Territory
The size of the southern territory also made it quite daunting
HUGE coastline
So huge.
The North might have the navy, but they would have to have massive expansion to defend it and prevent the South from buying supplies from Europe

10. Southern Strengths Military Leadership
Robert E. Lee, who was asked by Lincoln to serve as the leader of the Union forces.
Ironically, he was opposed to both slavery and the secession, but as a southerner and a gentleman, he could not betray his native South, and instead became the leader of the Confederate forces.

11. Southern Weakness
If the Mississippi was to be taken by the North, it could split the Confederacy in two
The economy could not support a long war
They only had a few factories to produce guns and other supplies needed
No rail system to transport troops and supplies
Lack of money
It might have helped, but almost all Southern money was tied up in slaves and land.
Without gold (because their paper currency was basically worthless), the South would never be able to support the war effort

12. Abraham Lincoln versus Jefferson Davis
The greatest advantage for the North was the new president.
He never wavered in his belief that the Union would stay together
But who was this new president, so suddenly thrust into conflict?

13. Part 1 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xRqtJ1dcQ7o

14. But who was this non-American president?
While the leader of the South had the honor of leading a group of proud states, he also had to lead a group of proud states
Southern independence and pride made it very difficult to unite the 11 members of the Confederacy into one strong nation
But who was this non-American president?

15. VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFxxXKH8VbY

17. 22.3 – Bull Run: A Great Awakening
Lincoln and General Winfield Scott planned the Union’s strategy for victory
Step 1: surround the South by land and sea
Why?
Step 2: divide the Confederacy
Step 3: capture Richmond, Virginia
This was known as the “Anaconda Plan” or…

19. Rose Greenhow’s Dilemma
Many thought an assault on Richmond (the southern capital) would end the war quickly
Rose Greenhow, an attractive widow and social leader, used her connections to learn Union plans
A southern sympathizer, she gathered information and found ways to deliver it to the Confederacy without being caught

20. The Battle of Bull Run The Union army marched to fight
But they didn’t know that Rose Greenhow had smuggled messages and the Southern troops were waiting for them at Manassas
They met at a creek called Bull Run
At first, the Union is certain of victory
Confederate general Thomas Jackson had other plans

22. Women Support the War
Both sides worked to build and train large armies, taking men from the home front
Women took on jobs of men, running farms and businesses. Some worked in factories, or as teachers, nurses, or in government jobs.
Women worked for the military as messengers, guides, scouts, smugglers, soldiers, and yes, spies
Rose Greenhow was caught, but eventually made it to the South and was treated like a hero

23. Some women worked with the sick and wounded soldiers
Dorothea Dix was appointed director of the Union army’s nursing service
Clara Barton followed the Union armies into battle and then treated the wounded
She later would be known as the founder of the American Red Cross 

25. 22.4 – Antietam: A Bloody Affair
The Union Blockade
The Union launched the Anaconda Plan, and the navy was able to blockade many southern ports
The South asked Britain for aid and protection for their ships, but the British refused
Why did Britain not help?
What are the effects of this on the South?
The North?
How would it have changed the war?

26. Dividing the Confederacy
The union moved to gain the Mississippi
David Farragut moved ships up
Ulysses S. Grant marched troops down and took control of Tennessee. He was known for refusing any outcome other than unconditional surrender
BTW keep an eye on this guy
Attacking Richmond
Failed
If at first you don’t succeed, try, try, try, try, try, try, try, try again

27. The Battle of Antietam
Confederate commander Robert E. Lee sent troops into Maryland, hoping to convince a Union slave state to join the South
He also helped a Confederate victory would change the minds of the European nations

28. The Union claimed victory, but it was a terrible loss for both sides

29. The New Realities of War
The death toll of Antietam really drove home the casualties of war
Weapons had improved to make killing easier
Doctors did not know about infections, so many soldiers died of diseases and infections
Hospital tents and medical tools were not sanitary
In fact, more soldiers died of disease than wounds/injuries
“…these big battles [are] not as bad as the fever.”

31. 22.5 – Gettysburg: A Turning Point
Antietam was a draw, but it was enough of a victory for the Union, that Lincoln felt ready to take a new step.
Emancipation – freeing people from slavery
Lincoln himself disagreed with the practice of slavery, but the war was to “save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery.”

33. The Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln changed his mind as the war dragged on
Europe had already ended slavery, and by abolishing it, he might convince Europeans to side with the Union
Or at least, keep them from assisting the South

34. On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation
This document declared all slaves in Confederate states to be free

35. There were Union states unaffected by the document
Many in the North felt that the Civil War had shifted into a crusade for freedom
“ALL men are created equal”

36. Was the Emancipation Proclamation a law or was it an Executive Order?
Why was the emancipation proclamation widely attacked when it was written?
Which states were the border states?

37. The Draft
Both the North and the South had run out of volunteers to fight
In 1862, the draft law was passed in the Confederacy
All white men ages could be called for three years of military service
The North passed a similar law for ages the following year
With both laws, a drafted man could pay a substitute to take his place
“a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight”

38. The Battle of Gettysburg

39. Gettysburg saw a staggering loss of life
Union: 17,500 killed or wounded
Confederate: 23,000 killed or wounded
General Lee retreated to Virginia, and could only mount defensive strikes

40. Opposition on the Union Home Front
Despite the victory, northern Democrats were more interested in restoring peace than ending slavery
Called “Copperheads” by the Republicans
Other Northerners were sympathetic to the Southern cause
Lincoln had to enact the right of habeas corpus
During a national crisis, the president can suspend the rights of the people
Example: People suspected of disloyalty were jailed without trial
4th hour

41. Draft Riots
Some Northerners hated the draft because they didn’t want to be forced to fight to end slavery
Remember the whole Fugitive Slave Law issue?
When the draft was enacted, New Yorkers rioted for 4 days
Angry white citizens attacked draft offices and the police, but they also targeted African Americans
This finally ended when troops arrived from the battle at Gettysburg

42. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address
At Cemetery Ridge, President Lincoln delivered perhaps one of the most famous American speeches of all-time

44. 22.6 – Vicksburg: A Besieged City
The Civil War was a war of many firsts:
The railroad was used to move troops
The telegraph was used to communicate with distant armies
Photographs recorded the conflict
Armor plated steamships were used in combat

45. The Merrimac and the Monitor
The Merrimac, confiscated by the Confederates and renamed the Virginia, was covered with iron plates and given a powerful ram on it’s prow
In response, the U.S. Navy did the same with the Monitor
The ships met in combat, exchanging shots for 4 hours.
No one won because neither ship was harmed

46. Control of the Mississippi
From Baton Rouge, Louisiana to Memphis, Tennessee, the Mississippi was under Union control by 1862
Only one key location on the river alluded them – Vicksburg, Mississippi

48. Vicksburg Easy to defend and difficult to capture
For 6 weeks, General Grant bombarded the city with shells from gunboats
On July 4, 1863, Vicksburg surrendered.
The Mississippi belonged to the North
The Confederacy was divided

49. Problems on the Confederate Home Front
Lack of items for sale, and what they had was expensive
Tobacco and cotton could not be exported, so farmers planted food crops instead
Which Union armies destroyed
They also cut rail lines to make it difficult to move food and supplies to troops. The nerve!
Clothing ran out, so Southerners had to make tough choices about clothing

51. By 1864, Southern troops were receiving these letters from home:
“We haven’t got nothing in the house to eat but a little bit o’ meal. I don’t want you to stop fighting them Yankees….but try and get off and come home and fix us all up some.”
What would letters like this do?
Could they have been the reason the war ended? Why?

53. 22.7 – Fort Wagner: African Americans Join the War
Abolitionists wanted African Americans recruited into the army
Most northerners regarded this conflict as a “white man’s war”
Huh?
In 1862, Congress allowed for African Americans to enlist (many of whom were former slaves)

54. The Massachusetts 54th Regiment
The most famous black regiments, commanded by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, and of the 1,000 soldiers, two were sons of Frederick Douglass
These men were paid less than white soldiers
When they learned this, they refused to accept any pay
Why would this have made a difference?
Lincoln urged Congress to grant the black soldiers equal pay
Untested, this group faced the additional fear of being captured and sold into slavery

55. African Americans at War
The assault of Fort Wagner was next to impossible.
Rifle and cannon fire rained down on them
After nearly half of the men died, the survivors pulled back
Although they retreated, their bravery won them widespread respect

56. This battle is the subject of the movie…
166 African American regiments fought in nearly 500 battles despite conditions of
Little training
Poor equipment
Less pay
Threat of death or enslavement if captured
Still, they had great courage in their fight to save the Union and end slavery forever
This battle is the subject of the movie…

59. 22.8 – Appomattox: Total War Brings an End
Who was Lincoln’s first pick to lead the Union army?
What happened to him?
What would you have done?

60. After that disappointment, Lincoln set his eyes on General Grant
Hey, it’s that guy!
Grant’s motto: “The art of war is simple enough. Find out where your enemy is. Get at him as soon as you can. Strike him hard and as often as you can, and keep moving.

61. On to Richmond In 1864, Grant invaded Virginia.
100,000 Union soldiers met 60,000 Confederates in “The Wilderness”
Despite losing 18,000 men, Grant would not retreat
He continued on, losing another 7,000 men in the span of 15 minutes of fighting
Grant’s losses nearly equaled Lee’s entire army, but he was able to add new troops
Lee, also suffering heavy losses, could not

62. Total War
Grant had two generals, of whom he instructed to wage total war on “the enemy’s will to fight and its ability to support an army.”
He instructed General Sheridan to wage total war in Virginia’s grain-rich valley of Shenandoah
“Let that valley be left so that crows flying over it will have to carry their own rations long with them.”
He also sent General Sherman south to Georgia to inflict “all the damage you can against their war resources.”

63. He also sent General Sherman south to Georgia to inflict “all the damage you can against their war resources.”
In September, Sherman reached Atlanta, the heart of the Southern rail and manufacturing, and set the city on fire.

64. Sherman’s March Through Georgia
After the destruction of Atlanta, Sherman vowed to “make Georgia howl.”
He was such a nice boy!
Sherman and his troops destroyed everything of value they could find
Fields were trampled and/or burned
Houses were robbed
Hay and food supplies were burned
Roads were littered with dead horses, hogs, and cattle that they could not eat or carry

65. In December 1864, Sherman captured Savannah, Georgia
Then he turned towards the Carolinas, destroying all opposition
By March 1865, he was in Raleigh, North Carolina, awaiting word from General Grant for a final attack on Richmond

67. The Reelection of Lincoln
Lincoln very nearly lost his reelection because of the losses in the war
What saved his campaign?
Who was Lincoln’s VP???

68. The End at Appomattox
On April 1, 1865, Union troops broke the Confederate lines, and two days later, they marched into Richmond
Richmond was like: “Why you so obsessed with me?”
Lee’s army was quickly surrounded, and told his officers, “There is nothing left for me to do but go and see General Grant, and I would rather die a thousand deaths.”

69. But Grant’s terms were generous
In full dress uniform, General Lee arrived at Wilmer McLean’s house in the village of Appomattox Courthouse to surrender.
Grant was in a muddy, crumpled uniform
But Grant’s terms were generous
Confederate soldiers could go home if they promised to stop fighting
They could take their horses and mules for plowing
Officers could keep their weapons
Food would be sent to Lee’s half-starved men

70. Lee accepted the terms

71. Side note on Grant:
When he returned to Union HQ, the troops shouted wildly in celebration, but Grant told them to stop.
“The war is over. The rebels are our countrymen again.”
This man later became our 18th president

72. “Touched by Fire”
The war changed the nation forever, like a phoenix from the ashes
The Union became a whole
Instead of “The United States are…” it was “The United States is…”
The war is considered the first truly modern war because of technology

73. The aftermath of the war lingers still today
How?
Was there unfinished business?

74. Assignment ISN Processing I’ll be checking ISNs on Thursday (tomorrow)
Write a journal entry
If you went to D.C. you are welcome to use Gettysburg and what you learned from the guide
Due Wednesday 5/31
I’ll be checking ISNs on Thursday (tomorrow)

75. End