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Proto-Industrialization
Early 18c Europe: Proto-Industrialization By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
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Medieval “Warm Period”
The “Little Ice Age” Medieval “Warm Period” In the 17c, Europe relied on a very inefficient agricultural system to feed its population.
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17c European Agrarianism
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Feudal Common Field System
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Yield Ratio for Grain Crops (1400-1800)
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Grain Supplies in 16c Europe
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Cereal Crops in 18c Europe
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Village and Small Town Life
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Small Town “Farmer’s Markets”
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The Village School (17c)
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Country People Playing a Ball Game
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A Lace Maker
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Supplemental Income Cottage Industries:
“Putting-Out” System
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The “Putting-Out” System
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Advantages of the Putting-Out System
Peasants could supplement their agricultural incomes. Take advantage of winter months when farming was impossible. Merchants could avoid the higher wages and often demanding regulations of urban labor. Easier to reduce the number of workers when the economy was bad. Merchants could acquire capital, which would later play a part in funding industrialization itself. Peasants acquired future skills. Young people could start separate households earlier, thus contributing to population growth.
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Disadvantage of the Putting-Out System
When demand rose [which it did in the 18c] this system proved inefficient. Merchant-capitalists found it difficult to induce peasant-workers to increase their output. This dilemma eventually led to the factory system All the workers were concentrated in one place under the supervision of a manager. Water or steam power could easily be applied there.
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“Apprentices at Their Looms” William Hogarth, 1687
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Population Changes
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Population Density: 18c Europe
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18c Population Growth Rate
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European Urbanization: 1500-1800
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Industry & Population: 18c Europe
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“Gin Lane” William Hogarth 1751
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“Beer Street” William Hogarth 1751
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Emancipation of the Peasantry to 1812
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Impediments to Economic Innovation in the 18c?
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Why Was England Different?
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“Enclosed” Fields
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British Raw Materials
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18c British Port
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The Growth of England’s Foreign Trade in the 18c
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18c English “Nouveau Riche”: The Capitalist Entrepreneur
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Adam Smith’s Warning (actually, Wealth of Nations contains a lot of warnings about capitalists)
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