1. sociology
FINAL REVIEW

2. CHAPTER ONE

3. EXPLAIN SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
YOU CAN LOOK BEYOND COMMONLY HELD BELIEFS TO THE HIDDEN MEANINGS BEHIND HUMAN ACTIONS

4. SOCIAL SCIENCES
DISCIPLINES THAT STUDY HUMAN SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OR INSTITUTIONS AND THE FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN SOCIETY IN A SCIENTIFIC MANNER

5. WHAT CHOICES DO PEOPLE MAKE TO SATISFY THEIR NEEDS AND WANTS
ECONOMICS
CHOICES
WHAT CHOICES DO PEOPLE MAKE TO SATISFY THEIR NEEDS AND WANTS

6. DEALS WITH MENTAL PROCESSES AND BEHAVIOR
PSYCHOLOGY
DEALS WITH MENTAL PROCESSES AND BEHAVIOR

7. STUDIES PEOPLE AND EVENTS OF THE PAST
HISTORY
STUDIES PEOPLE AND EVENTS OF THE PAST

8. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PAST AND PRESENT CULTURES
ANTHROPOLOGY
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PAST AND PRESENT CULTURES

9. STUDY OF THE ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF GOVERNMENTS
POLITICAL SCIENCE
STUDY OF THE ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF GOVERNMENTS

10. INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
MAIN FOCUS IS HOW INDIVIDUALS INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER IN SOCIETY

11. FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE
SOCIETY IS HELD TOGETHER BY CONSENSUS
SOCIETY IS A SET OF INTERRELATED PARTS THAT WORK TOGETHER TO PRODUCE A STABLE SOCIAL SYSTEM

12. CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
FOCUSES ON FORCES IN SOCIETY THAT PROMOTE COMPETITION AND CHANGE

13. FOCUS ON GENDER INEQUALITY
FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE
FOCUS ON GENDER INEQUALITY

14. THREE BASIC ELEMENTS OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTION
MEANING
THOUGHT
LANGUAGE

15. OBSERVABLE FACTS OR EVENTS THAT INVOLVE HUMAN SOCIETY
SOCIAL PHENOMENA
OBSERVABLE FACTS OR EVENTS THAT INVOLVE HUMAN SOCIETY

16. INTENDED AND RECOGNIZED CONSEQUENCE OF SOME ELEMENT OF SOCIETY
MANIFEST FUNCTION
INTENDED AND RECOGNIZED CONSEQUENCE OF SOME ELEMENT OF SOCIETY

17. AN UNINTENDED AND UNRECOGNIZED CONSEQUENCE OF AN ELEMENT OF SOCIETY
LATENT FUNCTION
AN UNINTENDED AND UNRECOGNIZED CONSEQUENCE OF AN ELEMENT OF SOCIETY

18. CHAPTER 2

19. SOCIETY
PEOPLE
INTERDEPENDENT ON ONE ANOTHER
ORGANIZED TO SHARE COMMON CULTURE AND FEELING OF UNITY

20. MATERIAL CULTURE
PHYSICALS OBJECT CREATED BY PEOPLE
EXAMPLE: CAR

21. ABSTRACT HUMAN CREATIONS IDEAS, LANGUAGE
NONMATERIAL CULTURE
ABSTRACT HUMAN CREATIONS IDEAS, LANGUAGE

22. HAVE GREAT MORAL SIGNIFICANCE ATTACHED TO THEM.
MORES
HAVE GREAT MORAL SIGNIFICANCE ATTACHED TO THEM.

23. LAWS
MOST SERIOUS MORES

24. VALUES
SHARED BELIEFS ABOUT WHAT IS GOOD OR BAD, RIGHT OR WRONG, DESIRABLE OR UNDESIRABLE.

25. ORDER MORES, FOLKWAYS, LAWS

26. COUNTERCULTURE
REJECTS MAJOR VALUES, NORMS AND PRACTICES OF LARGER SOCIETY MAFIA COLLEGE STUDENT PROTESTING IN THE STREET

27. NORMS
SHARED RULES OF CONDUCT THAT TELL PEOPLE HOW TO ACT IN SPECIFIC SITUATIONS TWO TYPES: FOLKWAYS AND MORES

28. ENSURE FULFILLMENT OF SOME NEEDS AND ARE COMMON TO ALL CULTURES
CULTURAL UNIVERSALS
ENSURE FULFILLMENT OF SOME NEEDS AND ARE COMMON TO ALL CULTURES

29. SUBCULTURE
SHARE VALUES, NORMS, AND BEHAVIORS THAT ARE NOT SHARED BY THE ENTIRE POPULATION

30. BASIC COMPONENTS OF ALL CULTURES
VALUES
LANGUAGE
SYMBOLS

31. CULTURAL LAG
AMOUNT OF TIME IT TAKES FOR A CULTURAL PRACTICE TO CATCH ON.
EXAMPLE: COMPUTERS

32. PROCESS IN WHICH CULTURES BECOME MORE AND MORE ALIKE
CULTURAL LEVELING
PROCESS IN WHICH CULTURES BECOME MORE AND MORE ALIKE

33. CHAPTER THREE

34. STATE OF BALANCE BETWEEN COOPERATION AND CONFLICT
ACCOMMODATION
STATE OF BALANCE BETWEEN COOPERATION AND CONFLICT
EXAMPLES: COMPROMISE, TRUCE, MEDIATION

35. COMPETITION
OCCURS WHEN TWO OR MORE PEOPLE OR GROUPS OPPOSE EACH OTHER TO ACHIEVE A GOAL THAT ONLY ONE CAN ATTAIN

36. DIFFERENT ROLES ATTACHED TO A SINGLE STATUS
ROLE SET
DIFFERENT ROLES ATTACHED TO A SINGLE STATUS

37. SOCIALLY DETERMINED BEHAVIORS EXPECTED OF A PERSON PERFORMING A ROLE
ROLE EXPECTATIONS
SOCIALLY DETERMINED BEHAVIORS EXPECTED OF A PERSON PERFORMING A ROLE

38. ROLE CONFLICT
WHEN FULFILLING THE REQUIREMENTS OF ONE ROLE MAKE IT HARD TO FULFILL THE REQUIREMENTS OF ANOTHER. EXAMPLE: A FATHER HAS TO LEAVE A MEETING TO ATTEND TO CHILD

39. IN-GROUP
GROUP THAT A PERSON BELONG TO USES SYMBOLS TO DISTINGUISH ITSELF VIEWS ITSELF POSITIVELY AND OTHER GROUPS NEGATIVELY OFTEN COMPETES WITH OTHER GROUPS

40. AGGREGATE
WHEN PEOPLE GATHER IN THE SAME PLACE AT THE SAME TIME BUT LACK SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OR LASTING PATTERNS OF INTERACTION

41. NO OFFICIAL STRUCTURE OR RULES OF CONDUCT EXAMPLE: A CIRCLE OF FRIENDS
INFORMAL GROUP
NO OFFICIAL STRUCTURE OR RULES OF CONDUCT
EXAMPLE: A CIRCLE OF FRIENDS

42. GROUP
SHARED EXPECTATIONS
COMMON IDENTITY
INTERACTION

43. ASCRIBED STATUS
BORN WITH
AGE
GENDER
RACE

44. CHAPTER 4

45. UNCHANGING, BIOLOGICALLY INHERITED BEHAVIOR PATTERN
INSTINCT
UNCHANGING, BIOLOGICALLY INHERITED BEHAVIOR PATTERN

46. PERSONALITY
SUM TOTAL OF BEHAVIORS, ATTITUDES, BELIEFS, AND VALUES THAT ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF A PERSON
CONTINUES TO DEVELOP THROUGHOUT A LIFETIME AT VARYING RATES FROM PERSON TO PERSON

47. WHAT DOES PERSONALITY DETERMINE
HOW AN INDIVIDUAL INTERACTS WITH OTHER PEOPLE IN HIS/HER SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT HOW AND INDIVIDUAL ADJUSTS TO HIS/HER ENVIRONMENT AND REACTS IN SPECIFIC SITUATIONS

48. WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCE PERSONALITY
HEREDITY
BIRTH
PARENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

49. TRANSMISSION OF GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS FROM PARENTS TO CHILDREN
HEREDITY
TRANSMISSION OF GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS FROM PARENTS TO CHILDREN

50. APTITUDE
CAPACITY TO LEARN A SKILL OR ACQUIRE A BODY OF KNOWLEDGE
EXAMPLE: NATURAL TALENT FOR PLAYING TENNIS

51. BREAK WITH PAST EXPERIENCES AND THE LEARNING OF NEW VALUES AND NORMS
RESOCIALIZATION
BREAK WITH PAST EXPERIENCES AND THE LEARNING OF NEW VALUES AND NORMS
GOAL IS TO CHANGE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

52. AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
FAMILY
PEER GROUP
SCHOOL
MASS MEDIA

53. PEER GROUP
PRIMARY GROUP COMPOSED OF INDIVIDUALS OF ROUGHLY EQUAL AGE AND SIMILAR SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS

54. EXAMPLES: PRISON, MILITARY, MONASTERIES, PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALS
TOTAL INSTITUTION
PEOPLE ARE ISOLATED FROM THE REST OF SOCIETY FOR A SPECIFIC PERIOD OF TIME AND SUBJECT TO TIGHT CONTROL
EXAMPLES: PRISON, MILITARY, MONASTERIES, PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALS

55. TABULA RASA THEORY
WE ARE BORN A CLEAN SLATE AND OUR PERSONALITIES ARE SHAPED HOWEVER THE ENVIRONMENT WANTS IT

56. PEER GROUP SOCIALIZATION
INFLUENTIAL DURING PRE-TEEN AND TEENAGE YEARS

57. MOST IMPORTANT IN MANY SOCIETIES
FAMILY SOCIALIZATION
MOST IMPORTANT IN MANY SOCIETIES

58. CHAPTER SEVEN

59. FUNCTIONALIST VIEW OF DEVIANCE
STRAIN THEORY BECAUSE EVERYONE CAN’T ACHIEVE THE VALUES PLACED BY SOCIETY THEY RETREAT TO DEVIANT BEHAVIOR A NATURAL PART OF SOCIETY

60. COMPETITION AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY LEAD TO DEVIANCE
CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
COMPETITION AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY LEAD TO DEVIANCE

61. INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
INTERACTION AMONG INDIVIDUALS INFLUENCES DEVIANCE
CONTROL THEORY
CULTURAL TRANSMISSION THEORY
LABELING THEORY

62. CULTURAL TRANSMISSION THEORY
EXPLAINS DEVIANCE AS A LEARNED BEHAVIOR

63. REPEATED CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
RECIDIVISM
REPEATED CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

64. THREAT OF PUNISHMENT TO PROMOTE CONFORMITY
NEGATIVE SANCTION
THREAT OF PUNISHMENT TO PROMOTE CONFORMITY

65. POSITIVE SANCTION
ACTION THE REWARDS A PARTICULAR KIND OF BEHAVIOR
EXAMPLE: GETTING GOOD GRADES

66. SOCIALIZATION
DETERMINES A PERON’S LEVEL OF SELF-CONTROL

67. BEHAVIOR THAT VIOLATES SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL NORMS
DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
BEHAVIOR THAT VIOLATES SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL NORMS

68. WHAT HAS TO HAPPEN TO BE LABELED DEVIANT
THE PERSON HAS TO BE DETECTED COMMITTING A DEVIANT ACT THE PERSON HAS TO BE STIGMATIZED BY SOCIETY

69. STIGMA
A MARK OF SOCIAL DISGRACE THAT SETS A DEVIANT APART FORM THE REST OF SOCIETY
A FORM OF SOCIAL CONTROL
A SPOILED SOCIAL IDENTITY

70. ANOMIE
THE SITUATION THAT ARISES WHEN THE NORMS OF SOCIETY ARE UNCLEAR OR ARE NO LONGER APPLICABLE

71. MODES OF ADAPTION
REBELLION
INNOVATION
RITUALISM
RETREATISM
CONFORMITY (NOT A DEVIANT RESPONSE)

72. LABELING THEORY
FOCUSES ON HOW INDIVIDUALS COME TO BE IDENTIFIED AS DEVIANT
NOTES THAT ALL PEOPLE COMMIT DEVIANT ACTS DURING THEIR LIVES
DESCRIBES TWO TYPES OF DEVIANCE

73. PRIMARY DEVIANCE
GOES UNDETECTED BY THOSE IN AUTHORITY NOT CONSIDERED DEVIANT BY THE INDIVIDUAL WHO COMMITTED THE ACT

74. SANCTIONS
REWARDS OR PUNISHMENTS USED TO ENFORCE CONFORMITY TO NORMS
SERVE AS RETRIBUTION, REHABILITATION AND DETERRENCE FOR CORRECTIONS

75. CORRECTION
A SANCTION SUCH AS IMPRISONMENT, PAROLE, PROBATION, AND COMMUNITY SERVICE USED TO PUNISH CRIMINALS

76. DETERRENCE
FUNCTION OF CORRECTIONS THAT IS USED TO DISCOURAGE OFFENDERS FROM COMMITTING FUTURE CRIMES AND TO MAKE THE REST OF SOCIETY THINK TWICE BEFORE BREAKING LAWS

77. NEUTRALIZATION
SUSPENSION OF MORAL BELIEFS AND RESPONSIBILITIES TO COMMIT DEVIANT ACTS

78. PROCESS OF A NORM BECOMING A PART OF AN INDIVIDUAL’S PERSONALITY
INTERNALIZATION
PROCESS OF A NORM BECOMING A PART OF AN INDIVIDUAL’S PERSONALITY

79. FORMAL SANCTION
REWARD OR PUNISHMENT GIVEN BY A REGULATORY AGENCY, A SCHOOL, A BUSINESS, OR GOVERNMENT

80. INFORMAL SANCTION
A SPONTANEOUS EXPRESSION OF APPROVAL OR DISAPPROVAL GIVEN BY AN INDIVIDUAL OR GROUP
EX: CHEERING

81. ENFORCING OF NORMS THROUGH EITHER INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL MEANS
SOCIAL CONTROL
ENFORCING OF NORMS THROUGH EITHER INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL MEANS

82. VICTIMLESS CRIMES
CRIMES SUCH AS PROSTITUTION, ILLEGAL GAMBLING, ILLEGAL DRUG USE, AND VAGRANCY

83. PROPERTY CRIMES
CRIMES SUCH AS BURGLARY, LARCENY, MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT, AND ARSON

84. WHITE COLLAR CRIMES
CRIMES SUCH AS MISREPRESENTATION, FRAUD, TAX EVASION, EMBEZZLEMENT, PRICE FIXING, INSIDER TRADING AND POLITICAL CORRUPTION

85. ORGANIZED CRIME
DRUG TRAFFICKING, ILLEGAL GAMBLING, UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES, HIJACKING OF MERCHANDISE, AND LOAN SHARKING AS A PART OF A LARGE-SCALE CRIME SYNDICATE

86. VIOLENT CRIMES
CRIMES SUCH AS HOMICIDE, RAPE, ROBBERY, AND AGGRAVATED ASSAULT