1. Macdonald World History
Enlightenment
Macdonald
World History

2. Definition
Black Death caused many to question long-held beliefs about their religion and government
Led to questioning and ultimately the move away from religion and towards the secular to explain the world
From the questioning came the Enlightenment (17th & 18th century movement in which thinkers applied reason & logic to all aspects of life)

3. The Enlightenment Thinker Idea Evidence in U.S. Hobbes Locke Voltaire
Montesquieu
Rousseau
Beccaria
Wolstonecraft

4. Hobbes Ppl are evil &wicked
w/o gov’t to keep order, would be war of every man against another
To escape war, ppl needed to hand over freedom to gov’t for order
Social contract

5. Locke All ppl born w/ 3 natural rights – life, liberty, property
Purpose of gov’t to protect rights
If a gov’t doesn’t protect rights, ppl have duty to overthrow it
Gov’t comes from consent of ppl

6. Voltaire Used satire to attack stupidity
Argued for freedom of religion & freedom of speech

7. Montesquieu Humans naturally will want to increase power
To limit dangers, called for separation of power to keep one group from gaining all power
Also called checks & balances

8. Rousseau Only good gov’t was one in which people agreed to
“general will” of society must agree
Must be a direct democracy

9. Beccaria Thought laws existed to keep order
Against torturing witnesses, long trials, etc.
Said punishment should fit crime

10. Wollstonecraft Argued that women needed education to become useful
No gov’t should take away rights of any person – including women