1. Effects of Urbanization

2. Urbanization Cities drew people in like a magnet
Every bit of land was being used to full extent
Almost no parks and open areas
Houses were built right up against each other

3. Unsanitary Conditions
Open sewers that ran waste down the street
Drained into rivers and drinking water sources
Primitive toilets
Many people would use the same facilities

4. Edwin Chadwick Created the idea of carrying off waste through pipes
Much cheaper than just removing it by hand
Ideas swept to the US, France, and Germany
Real progress toward adequate water supplies and sewerage systems

5. Germ Theory Emergence of the idea that waste and filth spread disease
Led to research that developed many effective vaccines
Caused surgeons to clean wounds, tools, and hands
Death rates declined
Many diseases vanished

6. Expansion of Middle Class
New group of factory owners strengthened the middle class
Its increasingly hard to get rich unless you are born into it
Formal education became more important as means for advancement
Created class conflict
Women were praised for their femininity

7. Work Before Revolution
People worked in stints
You would have something to do or make, then when it was done, you were done
People could intertwine their work with other tasks

8. Conditions in Factories
Workers had to keep up with the tempo and speed of the machine
Showed up every day
Work very long hours
Children as young as five or six had to work in the same conditions

9. Rise of Unions Craftsmen had already organized unions
Now factory workers created their own
Tolerated but looked down upon

10. Political Involvement
Some unions not only won benefits, but engaged in direct political activity
Pushed for the right to vote
Gave the workers a sense of their own identity
Took role in their own industries

11. Women Separate from that of their husbands
Husbands were wage earners in factories
Wives stayed home and cared for children
Women faced prejudice if they wanted to move into employment

12. The Family Marriage included strong emotional ties
Financial ties weren’t as much of a concern
Mothers cared for their newborn more
The number of children per family dropped

13. Leisure Drinking was the favorite
Pubs and cafés were bright and friendly places
Rise in modern sports like racing and soccer
Music halls and vaudeville theaters were enormously famous