1. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Chapter 22-2

2. The Second Industrial Revolution
The main products of the 2nd industrial revolution were steel, chemicals, electricity and petroleum.
Steel – 1855 Bessemer Process – steel production faster and cheaper – steel replaces iron
1870s 1st practical electrical generators produced. By 1910 numerous power plants power cities
Series of inventions result
Edison/Swan – lightbulb
Bell – telephone
Marconi – radio
Revolution in transportation – internal combustion engine – ocean-liners, automobile, airplane

3. Second Industrial Revolution
Industrial production grows rapidly because:
Demand increased because of high wages
Lower costs – transportation costs and assembly line
Availability – 1st department stores
Second industrial revolution splits Europe
North and West – increasingly industrial, high standard of living and transportation infrastructure
South and East – largely agricultural, low standard of living
Development of a global economy dominated by Europe

4. The New Urban Environment
Cities in Europe grow rapidly after 1850 throughout Europe.
Few jobs
In cities result is huge improvements in public health and sanitation.
Pushed by public health reforms as a way to combat disease – especially Cholera
Boards of health, building inspections, health regulations, clean water and sewage systems

5. Organizing the Working Classes
The desire for improved working conditions, wages, standard of living results in formation of socialism and trade unions.
Karl Marx & Frederick Engels write the Communist Manifesto in 1848
History is the history of the struggle between the oppressor (owners of means of production) and the oppressed (workers/owners of only their labor)
Industrial society bourgeoisie and proletariat because of capitalism which must be destroyed
Fight between B & P = revolution and the development of a classless society

6. Organizing the Working Classes
Socialist political parties form based on Marx’s ideas.
Germany – German Social Democratic Party – politics and revolution
European socialist parties form the Second International in 1889.
Divided on tactic – revolution or vote
Workers also organized unions to fight for improved working conditions and living standards.
Right to strike – at first illegal but gradually won the right (Britain in 1870s)

7. Social Structure of Mass Society
European society split into new elite, diverse middle class, and working class.
New elite
5% of population but 30-40% of wealth
Mix of old aristocracy and newly rich bankers and factory owners
Middle Class
Made-up of workers in jobs that required eduction – doctors, lawyers, civil service, engineers, etc. and shopkeepers, traders, successful farmers
White-collar workers – office and clerical workers
All shared a commitment to a certain type of lifestyle
Working Class
80% of European population
Industrial (skilled and unskilled) laborers, agricultural workers, servants
Many the the public health reforms benefitted working class and cheaper products improved standard of living.

8. Women’s Experience
New job opportunities for women – white-collar clerical work emerge.
Number of children decline due to improved economic conditions and use of birth control.
Family the central institution of middle-class life. Ideal women is wife and mother devoted to child care and domestic leisure
In working class most women had to earn a wage to help support family. Children would enter workforce at 9 or 10.
Between this changes and better wages means that working-class families start copying the middle class family
Victorian morality”( ) can describe any set of values that espouse sexual restraint, low tolerance of crime and a strict social code of conduct.
Growth of Women’s rights right to won property; entrance into medical field (nurses); suffrage/full citizenship
Women’s Social and Political Union – Emmeline Pankhurst

9. Education and Leisure
Between free public education systems emerge in Europe for children between 6-12.
Needed educated workforce and patriotic, voting citizens
New forms of leisure come about due the new working hours of the industrial work force which gave evenings and weekends off as well as vacation time.
Amusement parks, professional sports, dance halls.