1. Gender Sex and gender Sex-role stereotypes
Androgyny and measuring androgyny including the Bem Sex Role Inventory.

2. Specification Sex and gender Sex-role stereotypes
Androgyny and measuring androgyny including the Bem Sex Role Inventory.
The role of chromosomes and hormones (testosterone, oestrogen and oxytocin) in sex and gender
Atypical sex chromosome patterns: Klinefelter’s syndrome and Turner’s syndrome
Cognitive explanations of gender development, Kohlberg’s theory, gender identity, gender stability and gender constancy; gender schema theory.
Psychodynamic explanation of gender development, Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, Oedipus complex; Electra complex; identification and internalisation.
Social learning theory as applied to gender development. The influence of culture and media on gender roles.
Atypical gender development: gender identity disorder; biological and social explanations for gender identity disorder.

3. What does this mean. Is it true
What does this mean? Is it true? Are men and women really this predictable?

4. Is there a relationship between sex and gender?
Sex: Biological XX or XY Objective
Gender: Masculine or Feminine- Subjective
Is there a relationship between sex and gender?

5. Gender concepts and terms
Complete the sheet

6. Sex Role Stereotypes
Sex-Role- Behaviour related to social norms and societal expectations of how you should behave
Stereotype- learned through childhood based on parents behaviour and expectations.
Come up with as many examples or phrases that could be used to stereotype children.
Read the examples in children’s stories

7. Are these traits masculine or feminine?
Leaders
Loving
Active
Obsessive
Emotional
Courageous
Devoted
Faithful
Sincere
Self-reliant
Sympathetic
Trusting
Clingy
Brave
Curvaceous
Dainty
Muscular
Beautiful
Straightened hair
Big eyes
Big eyebrows
Broad shoulders
Small feet
Narrow waist
Wearing make-up

8. Sandra Bem (1974) Psychological Androgyny
We can be both masculine and feminine
They aren’t mutually exclusive
Rigid sex roles are unhealthy and stifling and can lead to disorders
Androgyny is healthy as you are free to adopt behaviours which suit you
Androgyny- both high or both low masculine and feminine traits.

9. Explain what is meant by ‘androgyny’. (Total 1 mark)
 [AO1 = 1]
1 mark for a correct definition: possessing a balanced combination / mixture of masculine and feminine traits.
Or possessing high levels of both masculine and feminine traits.

10. Bem’s Sex Role Inventory
Psychological Test to measure androgyny
50 male and 50 female students rated 200 personality trait words for their desirability for men and women, to generate stereotypes.
Chose 20 which were consistently male, female, and neutral.
Self-rated on 7 point Likert Scale from never to always.
Unique test as you can identify both masculine and feminine traits- traditionally one would have to choose.
Try it yourself!

11. Sandra Bem’s research… (1974)
1- never or almost never true almost always true
Sex-Typed individuals
Masculinity score is at or above 4.9
Femininity score is at or below 4.8
Masculinity score is at or below 4.8
Femininity score is at or above 4.9
Masculine
Feminine
Androgynous
Undifferentiated

12. Score yourself Androgynous: Undifferentiated: Masculine: Feminine:
Masculinity score is at or above 4.9 AND
Femininity score is at or above 4.9
Undifferentiated:
Masculinity score is at or below 4.8 AND
Femininity score is at or below 4.8
Masculine:
Feminine:

14. What sex is your brain?
Draw a bicycle.
Now watch this clip of Child of our time: Brain sex on YouTube and see Dr Winston explain how males and females draw a bicycle differently.

15. Evaluation/Commentary
Methodology:
Ethics?
Debrief,
Informed consent

16. Evaluation Real world application Reliability of the BSRI
Encouraging psychological healthiness
UK couple raised son ‘gender-neutral’.
Considered to be child abuse!
Reliability of the BSRI
.76 to .81 (Bem ‘81)
New version with 30 terms .90 correlation with original
Less socially desirable such as ‘gullible’ and childlike’.
Validity of the BSRI
Self-report
Demand characteristics
Social desirability effects
Only-used students
Understanding of words used
Individual differences in self-knowledge
Scale devised in USA.

17. What do you think the approaches will say…?
Biological?
Evolutionary?
Behavioural?
Cognitive?
Fill in approaches sheet

18. What issues or debates do you see arising from these…?
Nature or nurture?
Free will or determinism?
Reductionism?

19. Biological
According to this theory, why would there be gender differences?
What about from an evolutionary perspective? How would this work?
Issues and debates?

20. Behavioural
According to this theory, why would there be gender differences?
Can you think of a time where you were encouraged to be ‘masculine’?
Who are your role models?
Issues and debates with this
approach??

21. Role Models…?

22. What should a man’s and a woman’s role be?
Does this fit in with the roles you have seen in your family?

23. Cognitive
According to this theory, why would there be gender differences?
Issues and debates?

24. Exam Q for me to mark during solo task

25. Exam question

26. Gender Sex and gender Sex-role stereotypes
Androgyny and measuring androgyny including the Bem Sex Role Inventory.