1. Language and Religion

2. Classification of Languages
Language Families
Related in their Prehistorical origin
50% of the world’s population speak Indo-European languages
Language Group
Recent common origins and also share similar grammar and vocabulary
Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian and Catalan are classified under the Romance branch as part of the Indo-European family.

3. Tree of Languages

4. How Does Language Spread?
Speakers move and carry their language, or…
Groups are dominated and adopt the new language

5. How Do Languages Change?
Can happen slowly within a language
New contacts with outside groups
European contact with indigenous populations
New Technologies call for new words
Computers, Cell Phones, etc.
Webster’s Dictionary added 2,000 new words this past year
Ex. Ringtone, Spyware, Biodiesel, Gastric Bypass, Unibrow

6. Standard and Variant Languages
The accepted form of the language (Syntax, pronunciation, vocabulary)
Ex. National News Broadcast, English Textbook

7. Standard and Variant Languages (Cont.)
Dialects
Variations in vocabulary, pronunciation, rhythm or speed of language (Often an indicator of class)
Ex. New England, Jamaican, Southern

8. Standard and Variant Languages (Cont.)
Pidgin
A simplified version of one language (used for informal exchanges between cultures who do not know each other’s language)

9. Standard and Variant Languages (Cont.)
Creole
If pidgin is used enough to become a primary language, it is a Creole language
Ex. Swahili in East Africa, Cajun
"The paint you want? The brands you trust. . . The place that you prefer!"

10. Standard and Variant Languages (Cont.)
Lingua Franca
A third language adopted by people from different groups when they cannot speak each other’s language
In Europe, all students are required to learn English. Therefore, when a Spaniard speaks to a Frenchman, they speak to each other in English – The lingua franca

11. Language and Conflict

12. Language and Conflict French speakers in Quebec
Many want to secede from Canada and create their own country
“English Only” advocates in the U.S.
Specifically California and Texas
with an influx of Mexicans

13. Language and Toponymy Toponymy is the study of place names
Can reveal much about the history of a region
New York --- York, England
St. Louis, Louisiana --- Names for French King Louis
New Orleans --- Orleans, France
Austin --- Stephen F. Austin, founding father of Texas
Houston --- Sam Houston, President of Texas
Islamabad --- Named for Islamic faith

14. Patterns of Religion Religion and Culture Religious Landscape
Religion determines our view of the world and our place in it
Religious Landscape
Structures of worship (Temple, Church, Mosque)
Cemeteries and other sacred spaces (Pilgrimages)

15. Classification of Religion
Monotheistic religions
Worship ONE Deity
Polytheistic religions
Worship MULTIPLE Deities
Universalizing religions
Seek Converts (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism)
Ethnic religions
Practiced by people within one cultural group. They do not seek converts (Hinduism, Judaism, indigenous religions)

16. Diffusion of Religion Conversion through missionizing Conquest
Latin America’s conversion to Catholicism with the Spanish conquest and missionaries
Conquest
Migration
Voluntary – Immigration into United States, Search for better jobs or livelihoods
Forced – Slavery, Trail of Tears, Holocaust

17. Judaism Judaism originated in the Middle East
Diaspora (Being kicked out of Israel) took place in the 1st Century AD
Return to Israel in the 20th Century
Also in urban areas of Europe and the US

18. Christianity Christianity grew out of Judaism
Spread to Europe when adopted as official religion of the Roman Empire
Taken to European colonies during colonial rule
Predominate religion of the Western Hemisphere

19. Islam Islam originated in the Arabian Peninsula in the early 600s AD
Early spread by conquest
Later spread through trade and seeking converts
Predominate religion of Northern Africa and Middle East

20. Hinduism Hinduism is an ancient religion of South Asia
Has not spread outside South Asia in great numbers, but…
British rule relocated many who took Hinduism with them

21. Buddhism Buddhism originated in South Asia (India)
Today more widely practiced in East Asia
Taken to East Asia along trade routes

22. East Asian Ethnic Religions
Confucianism
Became official Chinese religion in 2nd Century BC (Code of Behavior)
Taoism
Lao Tse (6th Century BC)
Shinto
Japan (Animistic – Belief in spirits in nature)