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CARBOHYDRATES
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Characteristics of Carbohydrates
Consist of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen Ratio of H and O is 2 to 1 (Just like water!!) Energy containing molecules Some provide structure Basic building block (monomer) is a monosaccharide (CH2O)n ; n = 3,5,6 Two monosaccharides form a disaccharide Multiple monomers form polysaccharides (polymers)
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Different Forms of Glucose
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Three Monosaccharides
C6H12O6
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Monos. and Isomerism Glucose is a main source of NRG for cells.
Fructose is found in fruits and is sweetest. Galactose is found in milk. All have same formula but different structures…they are ISOMERS!
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Disaccharides Simply two monosaccharides combined through a condensation reaction. Dehydration Synthesis- releasing water in order for two monos. to join together. Sucrose is the most common example. Made of fructose + glucose
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Dehydration Synthesis of a Disaccharide
copyright cmassengale
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Formation of Disaccharides
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Hydrolysis of a Disaccharide
Hydrolysis is the process of ADDING a water molecule in order to break up a disaccharide. The result is two monomer units!
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Important Polysaccharides: Starch
Consists of glucose subunits Plant energy storage molecule Glycogen is a very similar molecule in animals. Starch and glycogen can be digested by animals.
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Important Polysaccharides: Cellulose
Composed of glucose subunits Different bond formed than starch Structural component in plants Cannot be digested by animals
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Important Polysaccharides: Chitin
Glucose subunits Partly derived from non-sugars (nitrogen) Composes exoskeletons of insects Note similarity to cellulose.
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