1. Body Organization and Terminology
Lab Activity 1
Body Organization and Terminology
Portland Community College
BI 231

2. Organs and Organ Systems
Regional anatomy is the study of particular areas of the body, such as head or leg
An organ system is a collection of organs that works as a team to complete an objective
Although organ systems are studied separately, there is intimate connections between the systems

3. Reproductive System Structures: Functions: Gonads: testes and ovaries
Accessory organs: uterus, vagina, penis, and seminal vesicles, play a part in the transport of the sex cells and the development of the fetus
Functions:
Making Babies

4. Urinary System Structures: Functions:
Kidneys (serve as filters), ureters (connect kidneys to bladder), urinary bladder (storage),
urethra (exit tube from the body)
Functions:
Removal of nitrogenous wastes
Adjusts the chemical balance of body fluids and maintaining blood volume

5. Nervous System Structures: Brain, Spinal cord,
peripheral nerves and sense organs.
Function:
Fast-acting control system of the body
Coordinates body regions, interprets environmental cues, and integrates information

6. Muscular System
Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body and associated tendons
Function:
Moves and strengthen joints
Provides protection and support for other tissues
Thermogenesis (generation of heat) and maintains body temperature

7. Respiratory System Structures: Functions:
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Functions:
Constantly supply the blood with O2, and remove CO2
Regulate blood pH
Produces sound for communication

8. Skeletal System
Structure: each bone is considered an organ, with blood vessels and nerves found in each, cartilages, ligaments, bone marrow
Function:
Protects and supports body organs
Provides a framework that muscles can use to create movement
Hematopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells)
Mineral storage
Bone contains 99% of the body’s store of calcium

9. Lymphatic/Immune System
Structures:
Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus, Red bone marrow, tonsils
Functions:
Returning “leaked” fluid back to the bloodstream
Disposal of debris
Attacking and resisting foreign invaders (pathogens i.e., disease-causing organisms)
Absorption of fat from the digestive tract

10. Integumentary System
Structures: Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands
Function:
Forms external body covering
Protects deeper tissues from injury
Involved in vitamin D synthesis
Site of pain and pressure receptors
Helps regulate body temperature

11. Digestive System Structures: Functions:
Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
Functions:
Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into absorbable units that will enter the blood for distribution to the body’s cells

12. Endocrine System Structures: Hormone Secreting Glands Functions:
Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Pineal, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries, Kidneys, Heart
Functions:
Long-term control system of the body
Regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient use among other things.

13. Cardiovascular System
Structures:
Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) and blood
Functions:
The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels.
Blood provides the transport medium for nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O2, CO2), wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules (hormones), and heat.

14. Anatomical Position
Anytime you describe structures relative to one another, you must assume this standard position:
Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
Thumbs point away from body

15. Body Orientation and Direction
These are relative positions
Proximal/distal
Proximal is closer to the trunk
Distal is farther from the trunk
Medial/lateral
Medial is closer to the midline
Farther away from the midline
Intermediate is between medial and lateral

16. Body Orientation and Direction
Dorsal: Back
Ventral: Front
Superior or cranial is toward the head
Inferior or Caudal is toward the feet
Anterior: most forward
Posterior: toward the backside

17. Relationships and comparisons
Ipsilateral- on the same side of the body
Contralateral- on the opposite side of the body

18. Planes of the Body

19. Dorsal Body Cavity Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system
Contains Brain and Spinal Cord

20. Cavities Thoracic Cavity Heart & Lungs
Subdivided into the mediastinum and pleural cavities
Lower border is the diaphragm
Abdominal Cavity
Stomach, Liver, Intestines
Pelvic Cavity
Reproductive organs Bladder, Rectum

21. Serous Membranes Serous Membranes have two layers
Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
Serous fluid separates the serosae

22. Serous Membranes

23. Serous Membranes of the Heart

24. Anterior Landmarks

25. Posterior Landmarks

26. Anatomical Locations Abdominal: abdominal region
Acromial: the point of the shoulder
Antebrachial: forearm
Antecubital: anterior surface of the elbow
Axillary: armpit
Brachial: upper arm
Buccal: cheek of the face
Calcaneal: heel of the foot
Carpal: wrist
Cephalic: head

27. Anatomical Locations Cervical: neck
Deltoid: round part of the shoulder
Digital: fingers and toes
Dorsum: back
Femoral: thigh
Frontal: forehead
Gluteal: buttocks
Hallux: big toe
Inguinal: groin
Lumbar: lower back
Mammary: breast

28. Anatomical Locations Mental: chin Nasal: Nose
Occipital: base of the skull
Olecranal: elbow
Oral: mouth
Orbital: bony eye socket
Otic: ear
Palmar: palm of hand
Patellar: Kneecap
Pedal: Foot

29. Anatomical Locations Pelvic: pelvis region
Perineal: area between anus and external genitals
Plantar: sole of foot
Pollex: thumb
Popliteal: behind the knee
Pubic: genital region
Sacral: lower back between the hips
Scapular: shoulder blade
Tarsal: ankle
Thoracic: chest
Vertebral: spine

30. Abdominopelvic Regions

31. Quadrants
RUQ
Liver
LUQ
Spleen
RLQ
Appendix
LLQ
Sigmoid colon

32. Muscles to know Sternocleidomastoid Deltoid Pectoralis major
External abdominal oblique
Rectus abdominis
Biceps brachii
Sartorius
Rectus femoris
Tibialis anterior

33. Muscles continued Trapezius Triceps brachii Latissimus dorsi
Gluteus maximus
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris
gastrocnemius

34. Lab Activity 2
The Microscope

36. Care of the Microscope
When transporting microscope, hold in upright position with one hand on the arm and the other supporting the base 
Only use lens paper to clean the lens. NEVER USE KIMWIPES.
Always begin the focusing process with the lowest-power objective and change to higher-power lenses as necessary. 
Use fine focus only for adjustment
Use coarse adjustment knob only with the lowest power objective lens
Always use a coverslip with temporary preparations

37. Putting Microscope Away
Remove slides from stage and place in appropriate place
Rotate the lowest-power objective lens into position
Move stage to the lowest position
Turn down light brightness
Turn off power
Wipe microscope (not the lens) with Kimwipes or alcohol wipe if needed
Wrap the cord neatly around the base
Lock the cabinet

38. The End
The End