1. Language of Anatomy Pg 13-16
Lab Activity 1
Language of Anatomy
Pg 13-16

2. Anatomy
Gross anatomy: the study of body structures visible to the naked eye (without a microscope)
Microscopic anatomy:
Cytology: Analysis of the internal structures of individual cells
Histology: examination of tissues (groups of specialized cells that work together to perform a specific function.

3. Anatomical Position
Anytime you describe structures relative to one another, you must assume this standard position:
Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
Thumbs point away from body

4. Anterior Landmarks
Pg number 15

5. Posterior Landmarks

6. Body Orientation and Direction
These are relative positions
Proximal
Closer to the point of origin
Distal
Farther from the point of origin
Medial
Medial is closer to the midline
Lateral
Farther away from the midline

7. Body Orientation and Direction
Dorsal or Posterior:
Toward the Back
Ventral or Anterior:
Toward the Front
Superior or Cephalad
toward the head
Inferior or Caudal:
toward the feet

8. Planes of the Body

9. Body Cavities
Pgs

10. Dorsal Body Cavity Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system
Contains the Cranial Cavity which has the Brain and the Spinal Cavity whic1has Spinal Cord.

11. Cavities Thoracic Cavity Heart & Lungs
Subdivided into the mediastinum (heart, treachea, etc.) and plural (lungs) cavities
Lower border is the diaphragm

12. Cavities Below the diaphragm is the Abdominal and Pelvic categories.
Abdominal Cavity
Stomach, Liver, Intestines
Pelvic Cavity. Reproductive organs Bladder, Rectum

13. Quadrants
RUQ
Liver
LUQ
Spleen
RLQ
Appendix
LLQ
Sigmoid colon

14. Abdominopelvic Regions

15. Serous Membranes Serous Membranes have two layers
Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
Serous fluid separates the serosae

16. Serous Membranes

17. Serous Membranes of the Heart

18. Other Cavities Oral and digestive cavities: Mouth
Nasal Cavity: With in the Nose
Orbital Cavities: Eyes
Middle Ear: Medial to the eardrum.
Synovial Cavities: Joints

19. Levels of Organization and Organ Systems
Pages 3 -7

20. Levels of Organization
The human body has many levels of structural organization.
Put in order from the simplest to most complex we have the following
Organ System Level
Organ Level
Tissue Level
Cellular Level
Chemical Level

21. Integumentary System Structures: Skin, hair, sweat and oil glands
Function:
Forms external body covering
Protects deeper tissues from injury
Involved in vitamin D synthesis
Prevents desiccation, heat loss, and pathogen entry
Site of pain and pressure receptors

22. Skeletal System Structure: 206 bones of the human body Function:
Protects and supports body organs
Provides a framework that muscles can use to create movement
Hematopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells)
Mineral storage
Bone contains 99% of the body’s store of calcium

23. Muscular System Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body Function:
Locomotion
Manipulation of the environment
Maintaining posture
Thermogenesis (generation of heat)

24. Nervous System Structures: Brain, Spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
Function:
Fast-acting control system of the body
Monitoring of the internal and external environment and responding (when necessary) by initiating muscular or glandular activity
Information Assessment

25. Endocrine System Structures: Hormone Secreting Glands Functions:
Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Pineal, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries, Kidneys, Heart
Functions:
Long-term control system of the body
Regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient use among other things.

26. Cardiovascular System
Structures:
Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)
Functions:
The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels.
Blood provides the transport medium for nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O2, CO2), wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules (hormones), and heat.

27. Lymphatic/Immune System
Structures:
Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus, Red bone marrow
Functions:
Returning “leaked” fluid back to the bloodstream
Disposal of debris
Attacking and resisting foreign invaders (pathogens i.e., disease-causing organisms)
Absorption of fat from the digestive tract

28. Respiratory System Structures: Functions:
Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Functions:
Constantly supply the blood with O2, and remove CO2
Regulate blood pH

29. Digestive System Structures: Functions:
Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
Functions:
Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into absorbable units that will enter the blood for distribution to the body’s cells

30. Urinary System Structures: Functions:
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,
urethra
Functions:
Removal of nitrogenous wastes
Regulation of body’s levels of water, electrolytes, and acidity

31. Reproductive System Structures: Functions: Male: Female: Making Babies
Testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis
Female:
Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary glands
Functions:
Making Babies

32. Lab Activity 3
The Microscope

34. Care of the Microscope
When transporting microscope, hold in upright position with one hand on the arm and the other supporting the base 
Only use lens paper to clean the lens. NEVER USE KIMWIPES.
Always begin the focusing process with the lowest-power objective and change to higher-power lenses as necessary. 
Use fine focus only for adjustment
Use coarse adjustment knob only with the lowest power objective lens
Always use a coverslip with temporary preparations

35. Putting Microscope Away
Remove slides from stage and place in appropriate place
Rotate the lowest-power objective lens into position
Move stage to the lowest position
Turn down light brightness
Turn off power
Wipe microscope (not the lens) with Kimwipes or alcohol wipe if needed
Wrap the cord neatly around the base
Lock the cabinet

36. The End
The End