1. Kingdom Monera: Bacteria
Biology 11

2. Prokaryotes Review: No true nucleus (no nuclear membrane)
No cellular organelles
Single celled
The bacteria

3. Good or Bad Bacteria Activity:
What did you use to make your decision?
Are there any bacteria that ended up on both sides?
Good or bad depends on you perspective! But for humans most “bad bacteria” produced toxins that negatively affect us.

4. Kingdom Monera: All are prokaryotes
Include bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue/green algae)

5. Classification of bacteria:
They are classified into 2 groups:
Archaebacteria (old bacteria)
Eubacteria (true bacteria)

6. Archaeabacteria: Live in extreme environments
Inhabited the Earth billions of years ago
Eukaryotes evolved from these 1.7 billion years ago (have the similar mRNA sequences and polymerases)

7. Eubacteria: Found everywhere! Microscopic Prokaryotic
There are more bacteria in a person's mouth than there are people in the world.

8. Structure of bacteria:

9. Structure of bacteria:
Cell wall: protect and maintain osmotic balance
Capsule: found outside cell wall, added protection, helps attach the cell
Nuclear material: contains the genetic information need for reproduction
Flagella: for movement

10. Bacteria: Shape Three main shapes: 1. cocci : spherical
2. bacilli : rods
3. spirillum: spiral/corkscrew
Shapes are often used in their scientific name

11. More shapes of bacteria:
Vibrio = curved
Spirochete
Square
Star

12. Shapes can be combined with the following in names:
Diplo: two
Strepto: chain
Staphylo: cluster of cells

13. How do bacteria reproduce:

14. Bacteria Reproduction:
Under optimum conditions bacteria can reproduce every 20 minutes
Bacteria reproduction is controlled by various factors including temperature and food availability

15. How do bacteria reproduce:
Asexual reproduction: is the process by which an organism creates an identical copy of itself without a contribution of genetic material from another individual.
Binary Fission
Sexual reproduction: is the process by which organisms create descendants that have a combination of genetic material contributed from two different members of the species.
Conjugation

16. Binary Fission:
It involves the copying of the DNA and the splitting into two new identical cells.

17. (Steps) Conjugation:
Mating pair formation: one of the two bacteria cells extends a pillus to the other cell to form the conjugation tube
DNA synthesis: one bacteria makes a copy of its DNA
DNA transfer: copied DNA is sent to other cell
DNA recombination: in one cell the DNA from the other bacteria integrates with its own
Cells separate

19. Bad Bacteria! Pathogenic bacteria
Certain bacteria act as pathogens and cause tetanus, typhoid fever, pneumonia, syphilis, cholera, food-borne illness and tuberculosis.
Streptococcus bacteria may cause small infections like strep throat and some serious diseases like pneumonia. Certain streptococci may be fatal.
Bacteria that usually live harmlessly in the body may cause infections when a person's resistance to disease is reduced in conditions such as AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).
Not all stomach bacteria are beneficial, some of the stomach bacteria enter the body through the mouth, and they can survive in the acidic conditions in the stomach and can cause serious diseases and can be fatal.
Campylobacter is a group of bacteria that can create illnesses in humans and is a common cause of food poisoning.</LI.
Harmful bacteria in food cause botulism, which can cause paralysis or even death if even one millionth of the bacterium is ingested.
Yersinia pestis or bubonic plague, is a rod-shaped type of bacterium which is well known for its harmful nature. Bacteria-carrying fleas found on animals such as rats and mice transmit the bacteria that are believed to have caused the deaths of millions of people in human history.
Pathogenic bacteria

20. Pathogen:
an infectious agent (bacteria) or a biological agent that causes disease to its host.

21. Microbes and humans: Very few microbes are always pathogenic
Many microbes are
potentially pathogenic
Most microbes are
never pathogenic

22. What makes a bacteria pathogenic?
is either the pathogen’s invasiveness or its toxins or both.

23. Invasiveness:
is the ability of a bacteria to spread through the host’s body from its site of entry and to enter many different areas/cells of the host. Then they multiply there.

24. Example: Very invasive:
Highly invasive pathogens include those that cause bubonic plague or anthrax.

25. Examples: Not invasive:
Salmonella enteritidis causes severe food poisoning when eaten but is incapable of spreading from the gut to other parts of the body.
Clostridium tetani, the bacteria which causes tetanus is introduced into or cuts or wounds but rarely spreads from that site.

26. Toxins:
Pathogens which are non-invasive cause their disease by releasing chemicals (toxins) which are poisonous to the host.

27. Two types of toxins:
Exotoxins are chemicals which are secreted by pathogens into their surroundings.
Endotoxins are components of the cell wall of bacteria. They are not secreted, but are released when bacterial cells break up after death.

28. Examples toxins: Clostridium tetani produces tetanus toxin
Staphylococcus and Clostridium botulinum bacteria produce a toxin as a by-product of their replication which contaminates food

29. Conditionally pathogenic:
Conditionally pathogenic bacteria are only problematic under certain conditions,
a wound that allows for entry into the blood
a decrease in immune function (weak immune system).
For example, Staphylococcus or Streptococcus are usually exist on the skin or in the nose without causing disease but can potentially cause skin or throat infections, pneumonia, etc
Some species of bacteria are opportunistic pathogens and cause disease mainly in people suffering from weak immune systems