1. Take out a piece of paper
Name the Seven Dwarfs

2. Difficulty of Task Was the exercise easy or difficult.
It depends on what factors?
Whether you like Disney movies
how long ago you watched the movie
how loud the people are around you when you are trying to remember

3. As you might have guessed, the next topic we are going to examine is…….
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
So what was the point of the seven dwarfs exercise?

4. Now pick pick out the seven dwarfs.
Turn your paper over.
Now pick pick out the seven dwarfs.
Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy Shorty

5. Seven Dwarfs
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful

6. Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory exercise?
Recall v. Recognition
With recall- you must retrieve the information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests).
With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests).
Which is easier?

7. Episodic Memory Generic Memory Procedural Memory
Three Kinds of Memory
Episodic Memory
Generic Memory
Procedural Memory

8. Episodic or Flashbulb Memory
A clear moment of an emotionally significant moment or event.
Where were you when?
1. You heard about 9/11
2. You heard about the break up of the space shuttle Columbia over Texas
3. You heard about the assassination of JFK, RFK, MLK
4. You heard the OJ verdict (1st one)
What would be an episodic event we have all shared recently?

10. Generic Memory General knowledge
Don’t remember when we acquired the information
Remember learning the alphabet?
1492 …….
Acquire information from school, daily life, experience

11. Procedural Memory Skills, or procedures, you have learned
Throwing a ball
Riding a bike
Skipping rope
Typing or using a computer
Playing a musical instrument
Driving a car
Once learned, skill stays with you for life

12. The Memory Process
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

13. Encoding The processing of information into the memory system.
Typing info into a computer
Getting a girls name at a party

14. Storage The retention of encoded material over time.
Trying to remember her name when you leave the party.
Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info.

15. Retrieval
The process of getting the information out of memory storage.
Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure).
Finding your document and opening it up.

16. Getting the information in our heads!!!!
Encoding
How do you encode the info you read in our text?
Getting the information in our heads!!!!

17. Two ways to encode information
Automatic Processing
Effortful Processing

18. Automatic Processing Unconscious encoding of incidental information.
You encode space, time, frequency and word meaning without effort.
Things can become automatic with practice.
For example, if I tell you that you are pretty or handsome, you will encode the meaning of what I am saying to you without any effort.

19. Effortful Processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique.
Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic.

20. Things to remember about Encoding
The Next-In-Line effect: we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next.
Information minutes before sleep is seldom remembered; in the hour before sleep, well remembered.
Taped info played while asleep is registered by ears, but we do not remember it.

21. Spacing Effect DO NOT CRAM!!!!!
We encode better when we study or practice over time.
DO NOT CRAM!!!!!

22. List the U.S. Presidents Take out a piece of paper and….
Hint: 45 so far

23. The Presidents Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower J.Adams Fillmore
Cleveland
Kennedy
Jefferson
Pierce
McKinley
L.Johnson
Madison
Buchanan
T.Roosevelt
Nixon
Monroe
Lincoln
Taft
Ford
JQ Adams
A.Johnson
Wilson
Carter
Jackson
Grant
Harding
Reagan
Van Buren
Hayes
Coolidge
Bush
Garfield
Hoover
Clinton
Tyler
Arthur
FD.Roosevelt
Bush Jr.
Polk
Truman
Obama
Trump

24. Now try this one: Identify the gifts in “The Twelve Days of Christmas”
l Partridge,
2 Turtle Doves,
3 French Hens,
4 Calling Birds,
5 Golden Rings,
6 Geese A-laying,
7 Swans A-swimming,
8 Maids A-milking,
9 Ladies Dancing,
10 Lords A-leaping,
11 Pipers Piping, and
12 Drummers Drumming.

25. Serial Positioning Effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
Items
Recalled
If we graph how well an average person remembers presidential list or the gifts-- it would probably look something like this.

26. Serial Positioning Effect
Primacy Effect: remember the first few items in a list
Recency Effect: remember the last items in a list

28. Types of Encoding
Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning, like the meaning of words
Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words.
Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.

29. Which type works best?

30. Visual Encoding
Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.
Both photos: Ho/AP Photo
Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking
in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it.

31. Not all thinking is in the form of concepts
Mental Imagery-representations that stand for objects or events and have a picture-like quality
Try this: Tell me as fast as you can how many windows are in the place you live? Shout it out when you have determined a number. .

32. Try This:
Tell me as fast as you can how many windows are in the place you live? Shout it out!
Usually you will find that the first people to shout out an answer have fewer windows in their homes than those who take longer.
You might notice that people will look up, as if looking at an image that only they can see.
If asked, they will say that to determine the number of windows was determined by a “walk through” of their home.
Reference: Ciccarelli, Saundra and White, J. Nolan, AP Edition Psychology, 2nd Ed.

33. Tricks to Encode Use imagery: mental pictures
Mnemonic Devices use imagery.
"Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums."
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.
HOMES
Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
Give me some more examples….

34. Keyword method of mnemonics
In the keyword method you think of a word that sounds like all or part of the word to be remembered.
Then you create a scenario involving the associated word and the definition of the word-to-be-remembered. (remember parts of the brain?? Michael Brit)
One is a bun, two is a shoe, three is a tree, etc.. (pegwords)

35. Chunking Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
Often it will occur automatically.
Chunk- from Goonies
Do these numbers mean anything to you?
1492, 1776, 1812, 1941 how about now?

36. Chunking
1,3 and 5 make little sense to us. But when we chunk the characters differently (2,4,6) they become easy to remember.

37. How we retain the information we encode
Storage
How we retain the information we encode

38. Three Stages of Memory (Storage)
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory

39. Sensory Registers form memories
Iconic memory—snapshots—ability to remember visual memories
Lasts about ¼ second, as soon as you shift your attention, the information disappears
Eidetic imagery  photographic memory
Echoic memory—sounds  acoustic codes
Last longer than visual codes (1-2 seconds)
Olfactory memory—smells  childhood memories generally associated with certain smells
Most vivid memories
Remember why??????

40. How do you store things from short-term to long-term?
Short-Term Memory
Memory that holds a few items briefly.
Chunking  Seven digits (plus or minus two).
The info will be stored into long-term or forgotten.
How do you store things from short-term to long-term?
Rehearsal:
Maintenance
Repetition
Memorization
Elaborative
give meaning
You must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory.

41. Working Memory (Modern day STM)
Another way of describing the use of short-term memory is called working memory.
Begins to fade within several seconds unless rehearsed
Causes: interference
Limited capacity  overload

42. Storage and Short-Term Memory
Lasts usually between 3 to 12 seconds.
Can store 7 (plus or minus two) chunks of information.
We recall digits better than letters.

44. Long-Term Memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

45. Storage: Long-Term Memory
How does storage work?
Karl Lashley (1950)
rats learn maze
lesion cortex
test memory
Synaptic changes
Long-term Potentiation
increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation
Strong emotions make for stronger memories
some stress hormones boost learning and retention

46. How does our brain store long-term memories?
Memories do NOT reside in single specific spots of our brain.
They are not electrical (if the electrical activity were to shut down in your brain, then restart- you would NOT start with a blank slate).

47. Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
The current theory of how our long-term memory works.
Memory has a neural basis.
LTP is an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation.
In other words, if you are trying to remember a phone number, the neurons are firing neurotransmitters through the synapse. The neuron gets used to firing in that pattern and essentially learns to fire in that distinct way. It is a form of rehearsal (but for our neurons).

48. Stress and Memory
Stress can lead to the release of hormones that have been shown to assist in LTM.
Similar to the idea of Flashbulb Memory.

49. Types of LTM

50. The Hippocampus Damage to the hippocampus disrupts our memory.
Left = Verbal
Right = Visual and Locations
The hippocampus is the like the librarian for the library which is our brain.
Still may create memories if hippocampus is damaged
Cerebellum plays a key role in forming and storing implicit memories created through classical conditioning
Dual explicit-implicit memory system explains infantile amnesia
Reactions and skills learned in infancy reach into the future  recall nothing from first three years
Conscious minds are blank, hippocampus one of the last brain structure to develop

51. How do we recall the information we thought we remembered?
Retrieval
How do we recall the information we thought we remembered?
Lets Jog Our Memory!!!!!!!

52. Retrieval Cues Things that help us remember.
To retrieve specific memory, need to identify one of the strands that leads to it, process called priming: activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
We often use a process called priming (the activation of associations in our memory) to help us retrieve information.
photographs, often prime one’s
memories for earlier experiences
smells, or sounds may have the same effect

53. PRIMING EFFECT
Priming effect occurs when people respond faster or better to an item if a similar item preceded it.
For the most part, the priming effect is considered involuntary and is most likely an unconscious phenomenon. The priming effect basically consists of repetition priming and semantic priming.

54. Repetition Priming
1. Repetition priming refers to the fact that it is easier (quicker) to recognize a face or word if you have recently seen that same face or word.

55. Semantic Priming
2. Semantic priming refers to the fact that it is easier (quicker) to recognize someone or word if you have just seen someone or a word closely associated.

56. Priming

57. Context Dependent Memory
It helps to put yourself back in the same context you experienced (encoded) something.
If you study on your favorite chair at home, you will probably score higher if you also took the test on the chair.
That eerie sense that you have experienced something before.

58. Deja Vu (French)--already seen
cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience
"I've experienced this before."

59. State Dependent Memory
Things we learn in one state (joyful, sad, drunk, sober, etc) are more easily recalled when in same state
Mood-Congruent Memory
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.
If you are depressed, you will more likely recall sad memories from your past.
Moods also affect that way you interpret other people’s behavior

60. Forgetting

61. Encoding Failure

62. Encoding Failure We fail to encode the information.
It never has a chance to enter our LTM.

63. Deep vs. Shallow Processing
maintenance rehearsal
Involves simple repetition of the presented materials
Not effective encoding
Examples-
Draw a penny (may not “work” anymore due to so many new pennies.
What color is the top stripe of the American Flag?
The bottom stripe?
How many of each color?
In what hand does the Statue of Liberty hold her torch?
The White House is on the back of a $20. What is on the back of a $10? A $5? A $1?

64. Answers
Examples-
Draw a penny (may not “work” anymore due to so many new pennies.
What color is the top stripe of the American Flag?
The bottom stripe?
How many of each color?
In what hand does the Statue of Liberty hold her torch?
The White House is on the back of a $20. What is on the back of a $10? A $5? A $1?
There are many “new” pennies now and this activity is difficult to “prove.”
RED
7 red and 6 white
RIGHT
$10 Treasury Dept., $5 Lincoln Memorial, $1 The word ONE

65. Test Your Memory
Which is the real penny?

66. Storage Decay Even if we encode something well, we can forget it.
Without rehearsal, we forget thing over time.
Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve.

67. Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

68. Time in years after completion of Spanish course
Forgetting
The forgetting curve for Spanish learned in school
Retention
drops,
then levels off
½ 14½ ½ ½
Time in years after completion of Spanish course
100% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Percentage of
original
vocabulary
retained

69. Retrieval Failure
The memory was encoded and stored, but sometimes you just cannot access the memory.
Elapse of time
Inattention

70. Types of Retrieval Failure
Proactive Interference
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
If you call your new girlfriend your old girlfriend’s name.

71. Types of Retrieval Failure
Retroactive Interference
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.
When you finally remember this years locker combination, you forget last years.

72. Forgetting as Interference

73. Motivated Forgetting One explanation is REPRESSION:
Why does it exist?
One explanation is REPRESSION:
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness.
Increasing memory researchers think repression occurs rarely

74. Forgetting

75. Memory Construction
We sometimes alter our memories as we encode or retrieve them.
Your expectations, schemas, environment may alter your memories.

76. Reliability of Reconstructed Memories
Memories are not recorded like movies
Instead reconstructed from bits an pieces of our experiences
Shaped by personal and individual views of the world
Two people experience same event will recall it differently
Eyewitness accounts
Claims of abuse
Elizabeth Loftus
&
Eyewitness Testimony

77. Misinformation Effect
Depiction of Accident

78. Misinformation Effect
Leading Question: About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?

79. Source Amnesia (Source Attribution)
Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined.

80. Unusual Forms of Forgetting
Infantile Amnesia
Don’t remember anything before age 3
Neural connections are immature (hippocampus)
Life not that stimulating YET
Unable to use language to encode events
Temporary Amnesia
Memory loss due to a blow to the head, electric shock, brain surgery (lose explicit memories rather than implicit ones)
Lose memory of events that took place both before and after the trauma
Memories may or may not return once healing takes place

81. Anterograde amnesia Retrograde amnesia Total amnesia Amnesia and Fugue
Damage from trauma that prevents a person from making new memories
Damage to the hippocampus
Retrograde amnesia
Forget the period leading up to a traumatic event
May be unable to recall years before the event
Total amnesia
Complete memory loss
Rare
Amnesia and Fugue
Memory loss
Individual moves to another area and begins a new life

82. Why is senile dementia called Alzheimer’s Disease?
At a scientific meeting in November 1906, German physician Alois Alzheimer presented the case of “Frau Auguste D.,” a 51-year-old woman brought to see him in 1901 by her family. Auguste had developed problems with memory, unfounded suspicions that her husband was unfaithful, and difficulty speaking and understanding what was said to her. Her symptoms rapidly grew worse, and within a few years she was bedridden. She died in Spring Dr. Alzheimer had never before seen anyone like Auguste D., and he gained the family’s permission to perform an autopsy. In Auguste’s brain, he saw dramatic shrinkage, especially of the cortex, the outer layer involved in memory, thinking, judgment and speech. Under the microscope, he also saw widespread fatty deposits in small blood vessels, dead and dying brain cells, and abnormal deposits in and around cells. The condition entered the medical literature in 1907, when Alzheimer published his observations about Auguste D. In , Emil Kraepelin, a psychiatrist noted for his work in naming and classifying brain disorders, proposed that the disease be named after Alzheimer.

83. Alzheimer’s Disease Acetylcholine
A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, language and physical functioning.
Runs its course in 5 to 20 years.
Deterioration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter….
Acetylcholine
Estrogen supplements may stop the onset of Alzheimer’s Disease.

84. Stages of Alzheimer’s Slide Show
Healthy Brain
Alzheimer Brain
Comparison

85. The difference between Alzheimer's and typical age-related changes
Signs of Alzheimer's
Typical age-related changes
Poor judgment and decision making
Making a bad decision once in a while
Inability to manage a budget
Missing a monthly payment
Losing track of the date or the season
Forgetting which day it is and remembering later
Difficulty having a conversation
Sometimes forgetting which word to use
Misplacing things and being unable to retrace steps to find them
Losing things from time to time