4. Samoan-once not allowed when still a British colony-now independent Western Samoa displays its own language.

5. Nigeria More than 400 different languages.

6. American Indian - Meso
Quiche and Yucatec, Mayan languages, are the region’s strongest indigenous tongues. Most languages faded after European contact, but a few were documented by missionaries.

7. Australian-Indigenous Languages
As many as 250 of Australia’s Aboriginal languages may have slipped into extinction since Europeans arrived.
Only five of the remaining 250 languages have more than a Thousand speakers.

8. Key Terms
ISOLATED LANGUAGE - a language that is not related to any other languages and thus not connected to any language families. Examples include Basque and Korean.
Basque Spain

9. How do you say it in Japanese?
Languages that do not belong to any of these families include language isolates such as Korean and Japanese, the languages of New Guinea, and the Athabascan and Algonquian languages of sub arctic Canada. There are dozens of other rare languages, such as Basque in Spain and France, Burushaski in Pakistan, persist as linguistic islands. Despite decades of research, links to known language groups have yet to be verified. Chukchi, spoken in Siberia, is an example of a member of an isolated small language family. Kam-Tai, now mostly spoken by Thai and Laotians, may have come from southwest China.
Korean and Japanese: Both of these languages may be related. Both were influenced by Chinese. Many words are Chinese loans, and Japanese writing still uses Chinese characters.
How do you say it in Japanese?

10. Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Basque:
Basque is a language with no known linguistic relatives spoken by about 660,000 people in Spain and France, mainly in the Basque country (Euskal Herria).
Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Basque:
Gizon-emakume guztiak aske jaiotzen dira, duintasun eta eskubide berberak dituztela; eta ezaguera eta kontzientzia dutenez gero, elkarren artean senide legez jokatu beharra dute.

11. Top Ten World Languages
Chinese Mandarin – 885 million
English – 322 million
Spanish – 266 million
Bengali – 189 million
Hindi – 182 million
Portuguese – 170 million
Russian – 170 million
Japanese – 125 million
German – 98 million
Chinese (Wu) – 77 million
Seven of the ten languages with the most native speakers are Indo-European.
They are dwarfed by Mandarin, the mother tongue of nearly one in six humans.
The top ten languages account for more than half the world’s population

12. Language Types
Lingua Franca: an existing, well-established language of communication and commerce used widely where it is not a mother tongue

13. Key Terms
PIDGIN – When speakers of two different languages have extensive contact with each other (often because of trade) they develop a pidgin language, or a simplified mixture of the two languages that has fewer grammar rules and a smaller vocabulary, but is not native to either group.
Examples include Hawaiian Pidgin, Haitian Patois, and the creoles of West Africa that resulted from the slave trade.
“No eat da candy, Bruddah, it's pilau. Da thing wen fall on da ground.”

14. Matthew 6:9-13 “The Lord’s Prayer”
Give us da food we need fo today an every day. Hemmo our shame, an let us go Fo all da kine bad stuff we do to you, Jalike us guys let da odda guys go awready, And we no stay huhu wit dem Fo all da kine bad stuff dey do to us. No let us get chance fo do bad kine stuff, But take us outa dea, so da Bad Guy no can hurt us. Cuz you our King. You get da real power, An you stay awesome foeva. Dass it!”
Matthew 6:9-13 “The Lord’s Prayer”
- Taken from Da Jesus Book, a twelve year effort by 6 linguists to translate the New Testament into Hawaiian Pidgin, published 2001

15. New Orleans’ French Quarter
Key Terms
CREOLE - a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with an indigenous language and survives long enough to become a mother tongue.
- derived from a pidgin that has acquired a fuller vocabulary and has become the native language of its speakers so that it is no longer a pidgin language
New Orleans’ French Quarter
Can you guess which colonizing language is the base for each of the following creole examples?
a. mo pe aste sa banan b. de bin alde luk dat big tri c. a waka go a wosu d. olmaan i kas-im chek e. li pote sa bay mo f. ja fruher wir bleiben g. dis smol swain i bin go fo maket
I am buying the banana they always looked for a big tree he walked home the old man is cashing a check he brought that for me Yes at first we remained this little pig went to market

16. New Orleans’ French Quarter
Key Terms
CREOLE - a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with an indigenous language. Often they are pidgins
Can you guess which colonizing language is the base for each of the following creole examples?
New Orleans’ French Quarter
a. mo pe aste sa banan b. de bin alde luk dat big tri c. a waka go wosu d. olmaan i kas-im chek e. li pote sa bay mo f. ja fruher wir bleiben g. dis smol swain i bin go fo maket
French based Seychelles Creole English based Roper River Creole English based Saran English based Cape York Creole French based Guyanais German based Papua New Guinea Pidgin German English based Cameroon Pidgin

17. Language characteristics used to define linguistic culture regions
isoglosses — borders of individual word usages or pronunciations
No two words, phrases, or pronunciations have exactly the same spatial distribution
Spatially isoglosses crisscross one another
Typically cluster together in “bundles”
Bundles serve as the most satisfactory dividing lines among dialects and languages

18. Key Terms
DIALECT - a regional variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, spelling, and vocabulary.
Social Dialects - can denote social class and standing.
Vernacular Dialects - the common, slang, speech of a region.
Sounds Familiar - English Dialects Website
Common American Slang
Term Is he fair dinkum? Why I declare! Down by the crick bludger mosquito hawk nappies
Meaning Is he real or genuine? That’s remarkable! Down by the stream (creek) freeloader; welfare dragon fly diapers
Location Australia Deep South (U.S.) Middle Atlantic States Australia South (U.S.) Britain; Brit. Colonies

19. English dialects in the United States
Dialects reveal a vivid geography
American English is hardly uniform from region to region
At least three major dialects, corresponding to major culture regions, developed in the eastern United States by the time of the American Revolution
Northern
Midland
Southern

21. Major Dialects of American English
Northern
Midland
Southern
Borders for these dialects difficult to determine
Isoglosses: the border of usage of an individual word or punctuation

22. Dialect Activity http://polyglot.lss.wisc.edu/dare/Audio.html

23. Regional differences in a standard language;
Syntax-the way words are put together
Vocabulary
Pronunciation
Cadence or rhythm
Accents can reveal the regional home of a person.
Isogloss-a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature is found.
Sample isogloss map on the right-
Northern dialect and its subdivisions are found in New England and Canada, extending southward to a secondary dialect are centered on New York.
Midland speech is found along the Atlantic coast from New Jersey southward to central Delaware, but spreads more extensively across the interior of the US and Canada.
The Southern dialect dominates the East coast from the Chesapeake Bay south.
Examples-North Midlands & South
pail bucket
brook run or branch
bossie to call cow Sook or Sookie or Sook cow
co or come cow co-wench or co-inch or coo ee
spider skillet or frying pan

24. Soda vs Pop

25. Slang
Words and phrases that are not part of a standard recognized vocabulary, but are used and often understood by most of its speakers
Short shelf life
EX: Ebonics, Spanglish

28. Language and the Environment (Linguistic Ecology)
Mt Cook, New Zealand
TOPONYM - a place name. These are language on the land, reflecting past inhabitants and their relation to the land.
Cook Islands, Polynesia
Devil’s Tower, WY
Badwater, Death Valley

29. Toponym A toponym: Imparts a certain character on a place
Reflects the social processes in a place
Can give us a glimpse of the history of a place
usually consisting of two parts, the generic and the specific.
Mumbai is the new name for Bombay-derived from a Hindu god’s name

30. Basic Types of Place-names
Descriptive (Rocky Mountains)
Associative (Mill Valley, California)
Incident (Battle Creek, Michigan)
Possessive (Johnson City, Texas)
Commemorative (San Francisco)
Folk-Etymology (Plains, Georgia, Academia, Penn)
Manufactured (Truth or Consequence, New Mexico)

31. Town in Wales with one of the longest names in the world
Changing Toponyms
When people change the toponym of a place, they have the power to “wipe out the past and call forth the new.” - Yi-Fu Tuan
Town in Wales with one of the longest names in the world

32. UN Peace keepers on Israel-Lebanon border
Changing Toponyms
Major reasons people change toponyms:
After decolonization
After a political revolution
To memorialize people or events
To commodify or brand a place
UN Peace keepers on Israel-Lebanon border

34. Language and Culture
“No one was allowed to speak the language – the Dena’ina language. They [the American government] didn’t allow it in the schools, and a lot of the women had married non-native men, and the men said, ‘You’re American now so you can’t speak the language.’ So, we became invisible in the community. Invisible to each other. And, then, because we couldn’t speak the language – what happens when you can’t speak your own language is you have to think with someone else’s words, and that’s a dreadful kind of isolation [emphasis added].”
Clare Swan, elder, Kenaitze band, Dena’ina Indians

35. Monolingual State a country in which only one language is spoken (i. e
Monolingual State a country in which only one language is spoken (i.e. Japan, Iceland, Portugal) Multilingual State a country in which more than one language is in use (i.e. Canada, Belgium) Official Language should a multilingual state adopt an official language?
Monolingual states-Japan, Uruguay, Venezuela, Iceland, Denmark, Portugal, Poland and Lesotho.
Multilingual State-Canada, Belgium, India, Peru-with Indigenous languages
Official Language-many former African colonies adopted English, French or Portuguese as official languages to tie people together, Angola-Portuguese, Nigeria & Ghana-English, Ivory Coast-French
India-Hindi & English are official languages
Tanzania-English & Swahili

36. Polyglot States
In Switzerland, four official languages, a history of peace and tolerance, and a political system that puts power in the hands of local leaders help ensure peace.

37. Polyglot States
Nigeria has more than 200 individual languages! English is the official language. Even though only 20% speak standard English, 80% speak pidgin English.
In Nigeria ethnic conflict between southern Ibos and western Yoruba led the government to move the capital to a more neutral central location (Abuja). Many other ethnic battles rage continuously.

38. Polyglot States
India has 16 official languages. Hindi is spoken in the north by about 400 million, but the majority in the south speak Dravidian languages (Tamil) and resist Hindi. English functions as a lingua franca for government, education, and big business.

39. Polyglot States
The U.S. Constitution specifies no official language. The Supreme Court has consistently ruled that governments must assist in the learning of English, especially in the schools. However, many states and local jurisdictions provide ballots and information in multiple languages.

40. Language and National Identity
Standard Language
a language that is published, widely distributed, and purposefully taught.
Government usually plays a big role in standardizing a language.

41. Street scene in France-note the boulangerie, patisserie, lunch sign.
The French government has fought very hard to prevent the infusion of English or other foreign words into the French language

42. Language Divisions in Belgium
Flanders (Flemish language)
Wallonia (French language)
Fig. 5-16: There has been much tension in Belgium between Flemings, who live in the north and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect, and Walloons, who live in the south and speak French.

45. Language and Cultural Identity
Rue Saint-Louis in Quebec City displays French Canadian culture in the architecture and street signs

46. French-English Boundary in Canada
Canada is officially bilingual
People of Quebec, the Quebecois have periodically called for independence from Canada to protect their language and culture.
1977 the Quebec government passed a law that required all businesses to demonstrate that they functioned in French-many moved out
1993 the Quebec govt. passed a law that required all advertising to be in French-English or other language is allowed, but must be half the size of the French words.
Fig. 5-18: Although Canada is bilingual, French speakers are concentrated in the province of Québec, where 80% of the population speaks French.

48. Top Ten languages spoken at home by Non-English Speakers in the United States from 2000 Census Bureau data

49. Article Questions What are the main language divisions in Belgium?
How did (does) this impact the government of Belgium?
What city is the battleground for the language conflict?
In your opinion, what should the solution be to the problem?

50. Endangered Languages
As recently as 3,000 years ago, there were 10,000 to 15,000 languages in the world.
Now: about 6000 left.
Of those, 1/2 will be gone by the year 2100 and all but 500 of the rest will be endangered.
More than 90 percent of the languages in existence today will be extinct or threatened in little more than a century if current trends continue.

51. Extinct or Endangered Languages - Cameroon (11)
BIKYA BISHUO BUNG
BUSUU
DULI GEY
LUO
NAGUMI
NDAI
NGONG
YENI
ZUMAYA

52. Extinct Languages - USA (93)
ABNAKI-PENOBSCOT ACHUMAWI AHTENA APACHE, KIOWA APACHE, LIPAN ATAKAPA ATSUGEWI BILOXI CADDO CAHUILLA CATAWBA CHEHALIS, LOWER CHEROKEE CHETCO CHINOOK CHINOOK WAWA CHITIMACHA CHUMASH CLALLAM COEUR D'ALENE COOS COQUILLE COWLITZ CUPEÑO EYAK FLATHEAD-KALISPEL GALICE GROS VENTRE HAN HAWAI'I PIDGIN SIGN LANGUAGE HOLIKACHUK HUPA IOWA-OTO KALAPUYA KANSA KASHAYA KATO KAWAIISU KITSAI KOYUKON LUMBEE LUSHOOTSEED MAIDU, NORTHEAST MAIDU, NORTHWEST MAIDU, VALLEY MANDAN MARTHA'S VINEYARD SIGN MATTOLE MENOMINI MIAMI MIWOK MOBILIAN MOHEGAN MONO NANTICOKE NATCHEZ NISENAN NOOKSACK OFO OSAGE POMO POWHATAN QUAPAW QUILEUTE QUINAULT SALINAN SALISH SERRANO SHASTA SIUSLAW SNOHOMISH TANAINA TILLAMOOK TOLOWA TONKAWA TÜBATULABAL TUNICA TUSCARORA TUTELO TUTUTNI TWANA UNAMI WAILAKI WAMPANOAG WAPPO WASCO- WISHRAM WINTU WIYOT WYANDOT YANA YOKUTS YUKI YUROK

53. Endangered Languages Why are they disappearing?
Globalization and Economic Change
Migration (Urbanization)
Deforestation
Economic Development
- Lingua Francas Media
Internet (Requires Arabic Character Set)
**Lingua Franca - a language used for trade by people who speak different native tongues.**

54. The End

55. Key Points Language is a fundamental element of cultural identity.
Languages diverge via migration and isolation.
Small languages are disappearing as a result of globalization.
Languages that share a common ancestor belong to the same family.
Language diversity is a source of political conflict in the world.
McDonald’s, Israel

56. Article Questions ‘Lost Language’ Articles ‘Hotspots’ Article
What had been translated on the letter?
Where was the letter found?
Why was the church built?
What was the significance of the finding of the letter?
How does the computer program work?
What are some criticisms people have with the computer program?
What are the 5 hotspots for endangered languages?
How many languages are spoken by fewer than 10 people?
Describe the researchers’ experience/findings in Australia.
What are the major similarities between the top 5 hotspots?
What do linguists say is the major danger with the loss of a language?
What do children have to do with the preservation or loss of language?