1. ARTICULATIONS Joints between bones Hold bones firmly to each other
Permit movement
Classified by degree of movement (range of motion) and type of substance between bones

2. 1. SYNARTHROSES Immovable
Bound together by dense, fibrous connective tissue (ligaments) or bony fusions
4 types:
Sutures (fibrous)
Gomphoses - tooth root + alveolar processes of mandible or maxillae (fibrous)
Synostosis – bony fusion – epiphyseal line, metopic sutures
Synchondroses (joint between ribs and sternum; epiphyseal plate) (hyaline cartilage)

3. 2. AMPHIARTHROSES Slight movement Cartilaginous 2 types:
Symphysis (located along midline of body) (fibrocartilage)
Syndesmoses (radius + ulna; tibia + fibula)

4. 3. DIARTHROSES Freely moveable joints Most mobile and complex
Synovial joints
See drawing
6 kinds:
Hinge, pivot, gliding, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

5. A. HINGE JOINTS Movement in one plane
Flexion (decrease angle between 2 bones)
Extension (increase angle between 2 bones)
Elbow, knee, ankle, occipital condyles and atlas, interphalangeal

6. B. PIVOT JOINTS Rotational movement in one plane
A projection of one bone articulates with a ring or notch of another bone
C1 and C2, head of radius and radial notch of ulna

7. C. GLIDING JOINTS Side to side movements (slight movement)
Flat surfaces slide over each other
Carpals, tarsals, clavicles and sternum, articular facets of vertebrae

8. D. CONDYLOID Movement in two planes (biaxial)
Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
Interphalangeal joints, carpo-metacarpal joints (wrist)

9. E. SADDLE Carpometacarpal joint at base of thumb
One convex face, one concave face

10. F. BALL AND SOCKET
Movement in all planes
Shoulder and hip joints

11. MOVEMENT AT DIARTHROTIC JOINTS
Depends upon shape of articulating surfaces of bones, position of ligaments, muscles and tendons

12. ANGULAR MOVEMENTS Flexion Extension Hyperextension Plantarflexion
Dorsiflexion
Abduction
Adduction

13. CIRCULAR MOVEMENTS
Rotation
Circumduction
Supination
Pronation

14. SPECIAL MOVEMENTS Inversion Eversion Protraction Retraction Elevation
Depression
Gliding (simplest; no circular or angular)

15. HUMEROSCAPULAR JOINT Glenoid labrum
Superior, medial and inferior glenohumeral ligaments
Rotator cuff

16. HIP JOINT Less movement than shoulder One of strongest
Ileofemoral, ischiofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments

17. KNEE JOINT Largest, one of most complex and most frequently injured
Medial and lateral menisci (fibrocartilage pads)
Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
MCL and LCL
13 bursae
Patellar ligament

18. VERTEBRAL JOINTS
Herniated discs

19. WHAT AM I??? Osteoarthritis Bursitis Rheumatoid arthritis Gout
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Arthroscopy

20. Osgood schlatter

21. gout

25. At greater trochanter 3 bursae – site of many large muscle attachments

26. Usually at the olecranon bursa