1.  Act 672 - Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007

2. Municipal Solid Waste MSW also known as domestic waste
was generated within a community from several sources, individual consumer and or household.
MSW originated from residential, commercial, institutional, industrial and municipal sources.
MSW were highly heterogeneous and included durable things, non durable things, packaging and containers, food wastes, yard wastes and miscellaneous inorganic wastes.

3. Hazardous Waste
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), defined hazardous waste as any waste or combination of wastes which pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or living organisms
because such waste were non-degradable or persistent in nature or because they could be biologically magnified, or because they could be lethal or because they might otherwise caused or tend to cause detrimental cumulative effects.
might caused or contribute to an increased in mortality, serious illness and incapacitation or posed a substantial hazard to human health or the environment when improper treated, stored, transported or disposed of.

4. Solid wastes were classified as hazardous if they exhibited one or more of the following characteristics:
Ignitability
Corrosivity
Reactivity
Toxicity
Examples of hazardous wastes include residues from solvent manufacture electroplating, metal treating, wood preserving and petroleum refining.
main legislation in Malaysia, to control the discharge of wastes into the environment was Environmental Quality Act, 1974(Act 127).

5. Industrial Waste
Industrial wastes were by-products from manufacturing and other processes.
low toxicity and usually produced in large quantity.
managed on-site at industrial facilities and usually not classified directly as either municipal waste or hazardous waste.
If the waste classified as hazardous, so it should be treated as hazardous solid waste.
Example of an industrial waste stream was coal combustion solids, including fly ash, bottom ash and flue gas desulfurization sludge.

6. Medical Waste
Medical waste was generated during the administration of healthcare by
medical facilities,
home health care programs
waste produced as a result of research by medical institutions.
Specific classes of regulated medical waste included:
culture and stocks of infectious agent,
pathology wastes,
waste human blood
animal wastes ad isolation wastes.

7. Construction and Demolition Waste
 Construction and demolition (C&D) waste material that produced during construction, renovation and demolition of structures
including residential and non-residential buildings
as well as roads and bridges.
Example of C&D waste were concrete, asphalt, wood, metals, gypsum wallboard an roofing.

8. Radioactive Waste specialized category of industrial wastes.
e.g electricity-producing nuclear plants, nuclear waste reprocessing facilities and nuclear weapon facilities.
also produced during a research and medical procedures.
Radioactive wastes were unstable and contain atoms with nuclei that undergo radioactive decay.
High level radioactive wastes were generated in nuclear plants by the fission of uranium nuclei in a controlled reaction.

9. Mining Waste Mine wastes included
the soils or overburden rock generated during the physical removal of a desired resource from the surface, the tailings or soils that were produced during the processing of minerals
such as smelting plant and heap waste which were produced when precious metals such as gold and silver are recovered from piles of low-grade waste rock or tailing by spraying acid or cyanide solutions.
The wastes produce from mining activities would be return to the surrounding environments.

10. Agricultural Waste animal manures, crop residues,
Wastes that produced from agricultural activities were
animal manures,
crop residues,
pesticides containers and packaging.
Problems related to agricultural wastes were odour, pathogen content, salt concentration and ammonia production.

11. Waste management involved all stages of
production of waste,
handling,
storage,
transport,
processing,
treatment and
ultimate disposal.

12. The hierarchy of waste management system should consider:
Prevention principle – waste production must be minimized and possibly avoided
Producer responsibility and polluter paid principle – the waste producer or who contaminated the environment should pay for their actions
Precautionary principle – potential problems should be anticipated
Proximity principle – waste should be disposed of as closely as possible to its origin produced.

13. There were a few options of waste management suitable after generation and before final disposal comprise (Harrison and Hester, 2002):
Waste minimisation
Collection and sorting
Reuse
Recycling
Composting
Anaerobic digestion
Energy recovery (incineration or other more advanced thermal treatment techniques)
Incineration (without energy recovery)

22. PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
EAT341
PPKAS 2014

23. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MSW
Important physical characteristics of MSW include specific weight, moisture content, particle size and size distribution, field capacity and compacted waste porosity

24. Specific weight
Specific weight is defined as the weight of a material per unit volume (e.g. lb/yd3 , kg/m3)
To assess the total mass and volume of waste that must be managed
Because the specific weights of solid wastes vary markedly with geographic location, season of the year, and length of time in storage, great care should be used in selecting typical values

25. Typical Specific Weight Values

26. Moisture content
moisture content of solid waste usually is expressed in one of two ways
In the wet-weight method of measurement. The moisture in a sample is expressed as a percentage of the wet weight of the material, in the dry-weight method, it is expressed as a percentage of the dry weight of the material

27. Moisture content (%) = (a-b) * 100 a where,
The wet-weight method is used most commonly in the field of solid waste management
In the equation form, the wet-weight moisture content is expressed as
Moisture content (%) = (a-b) * 100 a
where,
a = initial mass of sample as delivered
b = mass of sample after drying

28. Typical data on moisture content
Component
Moisture (%)
Range
Typical
Food wastes
50-80 70
Paper
4-10 6
Cardboard
4-8 5
Plastics
1-4 2
Textile
6-15 10
Rubber
Leather
8-12
Garden trimmings
30-80 60
Wood
15-40 20
Misc. organics
10-60 25
Glass
Tin cans
2-4 3
Non ferrous metals
Ferrous metals
2-6
Dirt, ashes, brick
6-12 8
MSW (noncomp.)

29. Example 1: estimate the moisture content of a solid waste sample with the following composition
Components
Percent by mass
Food wastes 15
Paper 45
Cardboard 10
Plastics
Garden trimmings
Wood 5
Tin cans

30. Solution 15 45 10 5 Component Percent by mass Moisture content (%)
Dry mass, (kg)
Food wastes 15
Paper 45
Cardboard 10
Plastics
Yard wastes
Wood 5
Tin cans
Total
100

31. Solution Component Percent by mass Moisture content (%) Dry mass, (kg)
Food wastes 15 70
4.5
Paper 45 6
42.3
Cardboard 10 5
9.5
Plastics 2
9.8
Garden trimmings 60
4.0
Wood 20
Tin cans 3
4.9 79
Based on 100kg waste

32. Therefore, moisture content = 100 – 79 x 100 100 = 21%
Determine the moisture content using the equation
Therefore, moisture content = 100 – 79 x 100
100
= 21%

33. Particle Size and Size Distribution
The size and size distribution of the component materials in solid waste are an important consideration in the recovery of materials, especially with the mechanical means such as trommel screens and magnetic separators

34. The size of a waste component may be defined by one or more of the following measures
Sc = l
Sc = ( l+w) 2
Sc = ( l + w + h ) 3
Sc = (l x w)1/2
Sc = (l x w x h)1/3
Where Sc = size of component, in (mm), l = length , in (mm), w = width , in (mm) ,
h = height , in (mm)

35. Field Capacity
The field capacity of solid waste is the total amount of moisture that can be retained in a waste sample subject to the downward pull of gravity
The field capacity of waste materials is of critical importance in determining the formation of leachate in landfills
Water in excess of the field capacity will be released as leachate

37. Chemical properties of MSW
Information on the chemical composition of the components that constitute MSW is important in evaluating alternative processing and recovery options
For example, the feasibility of combustion depends on the chemical composition of the solid waste

38. Typically, wastes can be thought of as a combination of semi combustible and noncombustible materials
If solid wastes are to be used as fuel, the four most important properties to be known are
Proximate analysis
Fusing point of ash
Ultimate analysis
Energy content

39. Proximate analysis
Proximate analysis for the combustible components of MSW includes
Moisture (loss of moisture when heated to 105oC for 1 h)
Volatile combustible matter (additional loss of weight on ignition at 950oC in a covered crucible
Fixed carbon ( combustible residue left after volatile matter is removed)
Ash (weight of residue after combustion in an open crucible)

40. Typical Proximate Analysis Values (% by weight)

41. Fusing point of Ash
The fusing point of ash is defined as that temperature at which ash resulting from the burning of waste will form a solid (clinker) by fusion and agglomeration
Typical fusing temperature for the formation of clinker from solid waste range from 2000 to 2200oF (1100 to 1200oC)

42. Ultimate analysis of solid waste components
The ultimate analysis of a waste component typically involves the determination of the percent of C, (carbon), H (hydrogen), O (oxygen), N (nitrogen), S (sulfur), and ash
Because of the concern over the emission of chlorinated compounds during combustion, the determination of halogens is often included in an ultimate analysis

43. The result of the ultimate analysis are used to characterized the chemical composition of the organic matter in MSW
They are also used to define the proper mix of materials to achieve suitable C/N ratios for biological conversion processes

44. Typical data on ultimate analysis of combustible materials found in SW

45. Chemical composition of typical MSW

46. Typical data in elemental analysis (% by weight)

47. Energy content of solid waste components
The energy content of organic components in MSW can be determined
1. by using a full scale boiler as calorimeter
2. by using a laboratory bomb calorimeter
3. By calculation, if elemental composition is known

49. Inert residue and energy content of residential MSW

50. Average composition and heating values for MSW
The average energy content of typical MSW is ~10,000 kJ/kg

51. Energy content of MSW components

52. The energy content values are on an as discarded basis
kJ / kg (dry – basis) = kJ / kg (as discarded) ( )
100 - %moisture

53. = kJ / kg (as discarded) (100/100 - %moisture - %ash)
The corresponding equation for the Btu per pound on a dry ash-free is kJ/kg (dry ash-free basis)
= kJ / kg (as discarded) (100/100 - %moisture - %ash)
Knowing the mass of the sample and the heat generated by the combustion, the kJ/kg is calculated (recognizing, that 1 kJ is the heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1oF)

54. Refuse can be characterized as being made up of organic materials, inorganic materials and water
Usually the heat is expressed in terms of all three components, the kJ/kg, where the sample weight includes the inorganics and water
But sometimes the heat value is expressed as moisture free, and the water component is subtract from the denominator
heat value is to also subtract the inorganics, so the kJ is moisture and ash free, the ash being defined as the inorganics upon combustion

55. Example 2
Estimate the energy content of solid waste with the composition as in example
Component
Percent by mass
Energy content (kJ/kg)
Energy (kJ)
Food wastes 15
4650
69750
Paper 45
16750
Cardboard 10
16300
Plastics
32600
Yard wastes
6500
65 000
Wood 5
18600
93 000
Tin cans
700
3 500
Total

56. Compute the energy content *based on 100kg of waste
= kJ / 100
= kJ/kg
Determine the energy content on a dry basis kJ/kg (dry basis) = x (100 / (100-21) )
= kJ/kg

57. Biological Properties of MSW
The organic fraction of MSW (excluding plastics,rubber and leather) can be classified as:
Water-soluble constituents - sugars, starches, amino acids and various organic acids
Hemicellulose - a product of 5 and 6-carbon sugars
Cellulose - a product of 6-carbon sugar glucose
Fats, oils and waxes - esters of alcohols and long-chain fatty acids
Lignin - present in some paper products
Lignocellulose - combination of lignin and cellulose
Proteins - amino acid chains

58. Biodegradability of MSW
The most important biological characteristic of the organic fraction of MSW is that almost all the organic components can be converted biologically to gases and relatively inert organic and inorganic solids.
The production of odour and the generation of flies are also related to the putrescible nature of the organic materials. These will be discussed when talking about landfill processes.

59. Volatile solids (VS), determined by ignition at 550 oC, is often used as a measure of the biodegradability of the organic fraction of MSW.
Some of the organic constituents of MSW are highly volatile but low in biodegradability (e.g. Newsprint) due to lignin content.
The rate at which the various components can be degraded varies markedly. For practical purposes, the principal organic waste components in MSW are often classified as rapidly and slowly decomposable.

60. Biodegradable fraction of selected organic waste components

61. Biodegradable fraction of MSW

62. Production of odour
Odour are developed when solid wastes are stored for long periods of time on-site between collections, in transfer stations, and in landfills.
It is more significant in warm climates.
The formation of odour results from the anaerobic decomposition of the readily decomposable organic components found in MSW.

63. Physical Transformations
The principal physical transformations that may occur in the operation of solid waste management systems include:
component separation
mechanical volume reduction
mechanical size reduction
Physical transformations do not involve change in phase (e.g., solid to gas), unlike chemical and biological transformation.

64. Chemical Transformations
Chemical transformations of solid waste typically involve a change of phase (e.g., solid to liquid, solid to gas, etc.)
To reduce the volume and/or to recover conversion products, the principal chemical processes used to transform MSW include:

65. Chemical Transformations
Combustion is defined as the chemical reaction of oxygen with organic materials, to produce oxidized compounds accompanied by the emission of light and rapid generation of heat
Pyrolysis is a process of splitting thermally unstable organic substances through a combination of thermal cracking and condensation reactions in an oxygen-free atmosphere, into gaseous, liquid, and solid fractions
Gasification involves partial combustion of a carbonaceous fuel so as to generate a combustible fuel gas rich in CO, hydrogen and some saturated hydrocarbons, principally methane.

66. Biological Transformations

67. Importance of Transformation
Typically waste transformations are used:
to improve the efficiency of solid waste management systems
to recover reusable and recyclable materials
to recover conversion products and energy

68. The organic fraction of MSW can be converted to usable products and ultimately to energy in a number of ways including:
combustion to produce steam and electricity
pyrolysis to produce a synthetic gas, liquid or solid fuel, and solids
gasification to produce a synthetic fuel
biological conversion to produce compost
biodigestion to generate methane and to produce a stabilized organic humus

69. Example 3
Estimate the overall chemical composition of a solid waste sample as in Example 1
Component
Wet mass, kg
Dry mass, kg C H O N S
Ash
Food waste 15
4.5
Paper 45
42.3
Cardboard 10
9.5
Plastic
9.8
Garden trimms 4
Wood 5
Total 95
74.1

70. Typical data on ultimate analysis of combustible materials found in SW

71. SOLUTION Moisture = 95 – 74.1 = 20.9 Food waste 15 4.5 2.16 0.29 1.692
Component
Wet mass, kg
Dry mass, kg C H O N S
Ash
Food waste 15
4.5
2.16
0.29
1.692
0.11
0.01
0.22
Paper 45
42.3
18.40
2.54
18.61
0.12
0.08
2.53
Cardboard 10
9.5
4.18
0.56
4.237
0.03
0.02
0.47
Plastic
9.8
5.88
0.71
2.234 -
0.98
Garden trimms 4
1.91
0.24
1.52
0.13
0.18
Wood 5
1.98
1.708
0.06
Total 95
74.1
34.51
4.57
30.00
0.42
4.45
Moisture = 95 – 74.1 = 20.9

72. Convert the moisture content to hydrogen and oxygen Hydrogen = (2/18) x 20.9 = 2.32 Oxygen = (18/18) x 20.9 = Prepare a summary table of the data
Component
Mass, kg
Moisture
95 – 74.1 = 20.9
Carbon
34.51
Hydrogen
= 6.89
Oxygen
= 48.57
Nitrogen
0.42
Sulfur
0.13
Ash
4.45

73. Prepare a revised summary table
Componet
Mass, kg
Percent by mass
Carbon
34.51
36.3
Hydrogen
6.90
7.3
Oxygen
48.58
51.1
Nitrogen
0.43
0.5
Sulfur
0.13
0.1
Ash
4.47
4.7
Total
95.02
100

74. Compute molar composition of the elements Determine an approximate chemical formula with and without sulphur
Component
Mass, kg
Kg/mol
Moles
Carbon
34.51
12.0
2.875
Hydrogen
6.90
1.0
6.9
Oxygen
48.58
16.0
3.036
Nitrogen
0.43
14.0
0.031
Sulfur
0.13
32.0
0.004
Mol ratios
Element
Sulfur = 1
Nitrogen = 1
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur

75. Assignment 2

76. The new landfill will actually be placed adjacent to an existing, older landfill that has been capped, i.e., the landfill will be expanded with a modern, engineered landfill.  The old landfill is shown as the raised area on the top (north) part of the map.  The new expansion will occur of the south side of the existing landfill (approximately 90 acres).  The contours shown on the map represent the property boundary. 

77. Your task is to perform a preliminary design for the landfill expansion.  Your answer should include the following:
1. Number, layout and geometry (depth, height, side slope, etc.) of the cells used in the expansion.
2. Timing and sequencing of cell construction.
3. Plan for dealing with soil from excavation (if applicable) and soil required for daily cover.  Include volume estimates.
4. Schematic (cross-section) of bottom liner system.
5. Schematic of cap.

78. Additional question
Good relations with nearby residents and business are a major challenge for landfill operators. List at least two items that demand special attention for the landfill operator in maintaining good relations.
Group = 5 members
Dateline = 14/12/2015