1. Gilded Age: Urbanization and Immigration Cause and Effect

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
SS.912.A.3.2 Examine the social, political, and economic causes, course, and consequences of the second Industrial Revolution that began in the late 19th century.
SS.912.A.3.6 Analyze changes that occurred as the United States shifted from agrarian to an industrial society.
SS.912.A.3.7 Compare the experience of European immigrants in the east to that of Asian immigrants in the west (the Chinese Exclusion Act, Gentlemen's Agreement with Japan).
SS.912.A.3.9 Examine causes, course, and consequences of the labor movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

3. Leading to the Age of Big Business
Source

4. Main Idea
The Industrial Revolution brought more immigrants to the United States.
With big business in full swing this brought about new ways of doing business including consolidations, mergers, trust, monopolies and the need for government regulation.

5. Labor and Big Business Industry was growing
With the new inventions people could produce more
Business wanted to produce as much as possible for as cheap as possible

6. Factors of Production
Land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship are the building blocks for an economy
They need to work together to make a business successful
Businesses grew using these ideas

7. Big Business
As a business grew and got bigger the boss needed to change how they controlled the company.
Single stores opened other stores creating a cooperation.
Vertical integration- mergers occurred and supply chains were formed
In 1897 there were 69 mergers in there were 1208.
Horizontal integration- monopolies where one company controlled a group of products from different businesses

8. Big Business
You could purchase portions of companies through stocks or investments
Holding companies were created to manage stock or interest in a company
Everyone was out to make it rich and the business world was very competitive

9. Big Business Get Too Big
Business were creating trust, merging and developing monopolies too grow and gain power
Robber Barons- bankers and business owners who used inappropriate means to get rich

10. Big Business Get Too Big
Sherman Antitrust Act
An antitrust law (or "competition law") which declared trust illegal was passed by Congress in 1890.
People questioned business methods and policies
The government stepped in to establish rules.

11. Big Business Leads to a Labor Movement
Source

12. Unions Take On Big Business
People were working long hours, for little money, in dangerous conditions
They wanted change
Unions were organizing and began advocating for employee rights

13. Unions take on Big Business
Labor Unions Form
Enough was Enough
Labor Unions formed with organized workers fighting for better working conditions
Knights of Labor (1869)
Welcomed skilled and unskilled labor
Worked for social reform and improvements in the workplace
Called for 8 hour shifts
American Federation of Labor (1886)
focused on securing better wages and working conditions for workers

14. Going on Strike
There were times when the unions needed to take action to be heard. This meant they went on strike and employees did not go to work.
Haymarket Riot:
A labor protest rally near Chicago’s Haymarket Square
turned into a riot after someone threw a bomb at police
Homestead Strike:  
An industrial lockout and strike ending up in a fight between strikers and private security agents
Pullman Strike:
Railroad strike that disrupted rail traffic
The federal government’s response to the unrest was the first time that an injunction was used to break a strike

15. What impact did this have on people?
The huge wave of immigrants and the rapid growth of cities forced the United States to overcome many problems

16. Old Immigrants and New Immigrants

17. Coming to America America was seen as the land of opportunity
It offered religious and political freedoms
American becomes a melting pot

18. The New Immigrants
From 1870 to 1920, about 20 million Europeans came to the U.S
Mostly from southern and eastern Europe like Italy, Austria-Hungary, Greece, and Russia

19. The New Immigrants From China
By 1882, about 300,000 Chinese immigrants came to the U.S.
Congress sharply limited their immigration with the Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
This said that Chinese workers were not allowed to come to America for 10 years 

20. The New Immigrants From Japan
By 1920, about 200,000 Japanese lived on the West Coast
California was concerned with the growing population
Japan wanted to continue good relations with the United States
A Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907)
Agreed that the US would not impose restrictions on Japan and Japan would not allow further emigration to the U.S.

21. The New Immigrants The Gateways to America
These locations served as a way to process immigrants
coming to the U.S.
Ellis Island in NYC for the East Coast (Europeans)
Angel Island in San Francisco (Asians)

22. Immigrants Settle in Cities
Most immigrants who came to the U.S. lived in the cities
By 1910, immigrant families made up more than 1/2 of the total population of 18 major U.S. cities
Cities offered convenient places to live and workers steady jobs in mills and factories

23. Urbanization
New inventions and technology led to the U.S. becoming a leading industrial country. The result was rapid industrialization or growth of cities.

24. Moving from the Country to the City
New technology on farms
Led to fewer workers were needed to work the land.
Many rural people to move to cities to find work.

25. Moving to the City Great Migration
To escape discrimination, violence, etc. many African Americans in the south moved north to cities such as Chicago and Detroit

26. Urban Living
As urban population rapidly went up cities could not keep up with demands and created growing concerns:
Housing
Transportation
Water
Sanitation
Crime

27. Housing New immigrants, lived in "tenements"
Several families would live in one tenement
They were often overcrowded and unsanitary also referred to as slums
NYC passed laws to have better living conditions such as plumbing and ventilation

28. Transportation Mass transit were constructed
This allowed large numbers of people to move around the city
Street cars, electric subways were used to help with the over crowded cities.

29. Water and Air Condition in the Cities
Drinking water was poor
Access to safe water was limited
Air quality was poor and many tenements did not have needed air ventilation
Diseases such as cholera and typhoid were common

30. Sanitation Keeping cities clean was a problem
There was no place for trash, horse manure and sewage to go
Air quality was poor with smoke in the air
Cities needed to develop sewer lines and sanitation departments but this took time

31. Crime in Cities As populations increased, so did crime.
Pickpockets and thieves were common.
NYC organized the first full time police force
During this time police forces did not make a huge impact on crime

32. Problems with Fires Most cities had limited water supply
When fires broke out, they would spread very quickly
By 1900, most major cities had full time fire departments

33. Urban Reform The Settlement House Movement
Settlement houses were created to help immigrants
Help immigrants assimilate into American culture
Built as community centers in neighborhoods that provided assistance
Houses offered social services, day care, training, public kitchens and public baths
They also provided educational classes and health care from nurses for the sick

34. Urban Reform The Social Gospel Movement
Churches, as part of their faith, preached that Christians should help the poor through service

35. Additional Resources
Coming to America: The Era of Mass Immigration- online tutorial
Crash Course Immigrant Cities- video on influx of immigrants.
article on why people immigrated to America
Video on Immigration 4 minutes (text goes quickly, but spotlights many of the photos from the time
explore Ellis Island virtually
article and video on life in the cities during 1900’s
people you might meet on the street in 1900’s with descriptions of their jobs
article on tenements in New York

36. Additional Resources
Article that discusses cause and effects of rapid population growths in cities
article reviewing the major areas of impact from urbanization
Child Labor article
Child Labor in America: Investigative Photos of Lewis Hine-article
video on settlement houses and the movement 6 minutes
terms and definitions for many of the key figures and vocabulary terms in this unit as flashcards and quizes
Women in the Progressive Era, 3 minutes shows some of the jobs and opportunities for women

37. Additional Resources
17 Women in the 19th Century Crash Couse, 13 minutes
6 19th Century Reforms, Crash Course in US History 15 minutes
Crash Course The Progressive Era 15 minutes video
Crash Course The Progressive Presidents, 15 minute video
Crash Course The Gilded Age Politics 15 minute video