1. The Rise of Authoritarianism (Totalitarianism)
Stalin, Hitler and Mussolini in the 1920s-30s

2. Totalitarianism
To have “total” control over all aspects of your country.
20th century concept
Typically, a bad country to live in because personal freedom is lost
Famous Totalitarian dictators in history are:
Stalin- Russia (Communist)
Hitler- Germany (Fascist)
Mussolini- Italy (Fascist)

3. His 2 biggest rivals/supporters for power fought to become dictator
Lenin died in 1924
His 2 biggest rivals/supporters for power fought to become dictator
Leon Trotsky
Joseph Stalin

4. Stalin Becomes Dictator
Joseph Stalin gained complete control over the communists by 1928
His main rival for power, Leon Trotsky, was exiled and later assassinated
TOTALITARIANISM:
Government which takes total control over every aspect of life.
Stalin was this style of leader
Has nothing to do with the fact that USSR was communist.

5. Industrial Revolution
Institutes a command economy- gov’t (Stalin) makes all economic decisions
1928, Russia was years behind other countries in industrialization
Stalin developed a plan to catch up in 10 years by forcing constant work
Called the 5-Year Plans

6. Agricultural Revolution
Stalin seized 25 million farms and forced the previous owners to work on them.
Farms combined into larger farms called “collective farms”
Many workers (peasants) resisted and 5-10 million were killed or sent to prison camps
Many Kulaks (wealthy peasants) resisted and were sent to gulags (work camps)

7. Daily Life Under Stalin
Gov’t assigned jobs and working hours
Education was important
Communist values promoted everywhere and everyday
Women were given equal rights
not working hard enough? =killed or sent to Siberia

8. Weapons of Terror
Totalitarian dictators like Stalin often use terror to keep people under control
Read mail and listened to telephone lines
Spies everywhere/Secret police (KGB)
Indoctrination/Brain-washing
Propaganda: biased info meant to sway beliefs
Socialist Realism: artistic style of the era
Censorship: Gov’t controlled newspapers so nothing bad was printed about Stalin
Religious Persecution: atheism replaced religion

9. The Great Purge
, Stalin’s plan to eliminate anybody who threatened his power
Used phone taps, read mail, and used spies to determine enemies
Many were arrested and 8-13 million people were killed for “crimes against the Soviet state”

10. Legacy leading to WWII
By 1939, Stalin had total control of the country
The U.S.S.R. was fully industrialized
They were also political powerhouse

11. Fascism in Europe

12. What is Fascism? Valuing the nation over that of
the individual.
*Nationalism and Militarism is focus
Total devotion to one leader.
Rulers often gain control by convincing people that there is a problem that only the leader can solve.
Leaders use propaganda, and violence to stay in control.

13. Italy After WWI
After WWI, Italians were angry about not gaining land and scared of communist revolution.
The democratic government appeared weak in handling inflation and unemployment.

14. Mussolini in Italy
Benito Mussolini promised to make Italy strong by building an army and fixing the economy.
In 1922, 30,000 Fascist supporters demanded that Mussolini be put into power, and the king agreed.

15. Il Duce (The Leader)
Mussolini became the leader and outlawed all political parties except the Fascists.
How he secured his leadership:
Secret police jailed his opponents
Radio and newspapers were censored
Outlawed strikes and labor unions
Nationalism

16. Rise of the Nazis National Socialist Workers Party (NAZI)
Political party that believed that the Treaty of Versailles should be overturned (too harsh) and that communism was dangerous.

17. Adolf Hitler Born 1889, not good at school, failed artist
Abusive, alcoholic father
Fought in WWI and won 2 Iron Cross awards for bravery
Joined the Nazis in 1920 and quickly became known for his speaking ability

18. Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
1923, Hitler tried to take over the government, but failed and was arrested for treason
Served 9 months in prison during which he wrote Mein Kampf, a book that was a blueprint for his takeover of Germany
Outlined his hatred of the Jews

19. Hitler’s Beliefs Hitler’s beliefs:
Germans, especially “Aryans”, were the master race (not necessarily blond hair, blue eyed)
Jews, Slavs, and Gypsies were subhuman and must be removed
Germans needed to regain lands lost by Treaty of Versailles
Germany was overcrowded and needed lebensraum (living space)

20. Hitler Gets Power
World-wide economic depression due to America’s “Great Depression”
1932, America stopped loans to Germany, 30% of Germans were unemployed, and inflation caused starvation
Frightened and upset, Germans wanted a strong leader.
1933, Hitler became Chancellor (president).

21. Der “Fuhrer” (The Leader)
Hitler created a totalitarian government.
He kept control by:
Arresting & killing political opponents
Secret Police (SS & Gestapo)
Censoring the press
Using propaganda
Burning books
Censoring Churches
Hitler Youth (HJ)
Nationalism

22. “All great world-shattering events have
The Power of Speech
“All great world-shattering events have
Been brought about….
By the spoken word! “
~Adolf Hitler~