1. Memory

2. Name the COLOR in which the words below are PRINTED as fast as you can.

4. Memory
the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage and retrieval of information.

5. Studying Memory Memory Models
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Parallel processing

6. Encoding: the processing of information into the memory systems – for example, by extracting meaning. Storage: the process of retaining encoded information over time. Retrieval: the process of getting information out of memory storage.

7. Parallel Processing: the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. Example – Walking into the lunchroom

8. Types of Memory

9. 3 stage Theory of Memory Atkinson and Shiffrin Theory (1st)
Sensory memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory

10. Sensory Memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
Iconic & Echoic
Icons = Images – Very brief
Echoes = Noises – Brief, but longer than icons

11. Short Term Memory: activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing before the information is stored or forgotten. Long Term Memory: the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

12. Working Memory
Modified version of the three-stage processing model of memory
newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

13. Working Memory

14. Working Memory

15. Effortful VS Automatic Processing
Explicit memory (declarative memory)
Effortful processing
Implicit memory (non-declarative memory)
Automatic processing

16. Explicit Memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.”
Also called declarative memory
Encode these memories through effortful processing

17. encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Effortful Processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

18. Implicit Memory Also called non-declarative memory
retention independent of conscious recollection.
Also called non-declarative memory
These are procedural memories (riding a bike, tying shoes, ect)

19. Automatic Processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

20. Sensory Memory
Iconic = momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture- image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Icons = Images – Very brief
Echoic = momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
Echos = Noises – Brief, but longerthan icons

21. Memory Processing & Storage

22. Types of Long Term Memories
Episodic: Memories of events we have lived through
Semantic: Same as Declarative, facts, figures, knowledge
Procedural: Skills and Habits
Classifying Memories:
Explicit/Declarative vs Implicit/Non-Declarative
Explicit /Declarative: Can consciously consider and retrieve – Episodic or Semantic Memories
Implicit /Non-Declarative: Beyond conscious consideration include procedural memory and classical conditioning.

23. Capacity of Short-Term and Working Memory
Magic number Seven
Plus or minus 2

24. Making Memories in the brain

25. Effortful Processing Strategies
Chunking: organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
Pg 322
Mnemonics memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
Visual imagery
Acronyms
ROY G BIV
HOMES

26. Effortful Processing Strategies
Hierarchies

27. Spacing Effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

28. Testing Effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

29. Levels of Processing
Shallow processing
Deep processing

30. Shallow Processing: encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words. Deep Processing: encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.

31. Storing Memories

32. Retaining Information in the Brain
Memories are NOT stored in one part of the brain.

33. Explicit-Memory System: The Frontal Lobes and Hippocampus
Hippocampus: a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.
Amnesia
Damage to either hemisphere
Consolidation during sleep

34. Implicit-Memory System: The Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia
Infantile amnesia

35. The Amygdala, Emotions, and Memory
Amygdala – Fear and anger
Flashbulb Memories: a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

36. Retrieving memories

37. Measuring Retention
Recall
Recognition
Relearning

38. Recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learning earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

39. Recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple- choice test.

40. Relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

41. Priming
Priming

42. Priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

43. Context-Dependent Memory
Context effects

44. Context-Dependent Memory

45. State-Dependent Memory
Mood congruent memory

46. Mood Congruent Memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.

47. Serial position effect: our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list.
Recency effect
Primacy effect

48. Forgetting

49. Forgetting and the Two-Track Mind
Anterograde amnesia
Retrograde amnesia

50. Anterograde Amnesia: an inability to form new memories
Anterograde Amnesia: an inability to form new memories. (50 first dates) Retrograde Amnesia: an inability to retrieve information from one’s past. (every Soap Opera ever…)

51. Encoding Failure: poorly encoded information is not passed from short term to long term memory. – Divided attention is most common cause

52. Storage decay – memories fade over time, unless regularly revisited.
Herman Ebbinghaus: created the "forgetting curve"- much of what we learn we may quickly forget, course of forgetting is initially rapid then levels off with time

53. Forgetting Storage Decay

55. Proactive Interference: the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. (forward acting)
Ex: You learned how to play a song on the piano last month. You now how trouble learning how to play a new song.
Retroactive Interference: the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. (backward-acting)
Ex: You learn how to play a new song on the Piano – you now how trouble playing a song you learned last month.

56. Forgetting Retrieval Failure

57. Agenda Partner Review (Learning & Memory) Forgetting & Cognition Notes
Announcements – Test on Learning & Cognition next THURSDAY 1/27!!

58. Round 1
Partner Partner 2
Serial Position Effect Retroactive Interference
(pg 110 in Crash Course) (pg 112 in Crash Course)
You have 2 min to look over these terms to refresh your memory.

59. Round 1
It is Partner 1’s job to make sure that Partner 2 knows all about the Serial Position Effect. Partner 2 will tell everything they know and Partner 1 will ask questions along the way and correct any misinformation.
Question’s for Partner 1 to ask:
What is …
What is an example from your life…
What are the different parts of…
Partner 1, It is your job to make sure that everything Partner 2 says is correct. At the end, answer anything from the hints section above that Partner 2 missed.

60. Round 1
It is Partner 1’s job to make sure that Partner 2 knows all about Retroactive Interference . Partner 2 will tell everything they know and Partner 1 will ask questions along the way and correct any misinformation.
Question’s for Partner 2 to ask:
What is…
What is an example of …
How is Retroactive similar too…
How is Retroactive Interference different than…
Partner 2, It is your job to make sure that everything Partner 1 says is correct. At the end, answer anything from the hints section above that Partner 1 missed.

61. Round 2 Partner 1 Partner 2 Retrograde Amnesia Misinformation Effect
(pg 113 in Crash Course) (pg 114 in Crash Course)

62. Round 2
It is Partner 1’s job to make sure that Partner 2 knows all about Retrograde Amnesia . Partner 2 will tell everything they know and Partner 1 will ask questions along the way and correct any misinformation.
Hints for Partner 1:
What is…
What is an example of …
How is Retrograde Amnesia similar too…
How is Retrograde Amnesia different than…
Partner 1, It is your job to make sure that everything Partner 2 says is correct. At the end, answer anything from the hints section above that Partner 2 missed.

63. Round 2
It is Partner 1’s job to make sure that Partner 2 knows all about the Misinformation Effect. Partner 2 will tell everything they know and Partner 1 will ask questions along the way and correct any misinformation.
Question’s for Partner 2 to ask:
What is the…
What is an example of …
Can you describe the famous psychological study associated with the misinformation effect?
Partner 2, It is your job to make sure that everything Partner 1 says is correct. At the end, answer anything from the hints section above that Partner 1 missed.

64. Motivated Forgetting Self-serving personal histories
Repression: in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

65. Misinformation and Imagination Effects
Loftus memory studies
Misinformation effect - incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.

66. Source Amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.

67. Deja Vu
that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

68. Discerning True and False Memories
Memory studies
Children eyewitness recall

69. Repressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse?
Areas of agreement
Sexual abuse happens
Injustice happens
Forgetting happens
Recovered memories are incomplete
Memories before 3 years are unreliable
Hypnotic memories are unreliable
Memories can be emotionally upsetting

70. Improving Memory Rehearse repeatedly Make the material meaningful
Activate retrieval cues
Use mnemonic devices
Minimize interference
Sleep more
Test your own knowledge, both to rehearse it and to help determine what you do not yet know