1. Industrial Society the Struggle for Reform

2. The Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution combined to transform every facet of European life in the 19th century
The two movements are often termed the Dual Revolution

3. Industrial Revolution
An assault on the scarcity of the Old Regime, leading to a revolution in access to the means supporting human life
The substitution of mineral and mechanical energy for animal and human energy
Rising output per capital at declining unit cost

4. Britain’s Industrial Experience
Thanks to various advantages, Great Britain was the first nation to realize industrialization
Geographic advantages
Island status insulated it from continental strife
No place in Britain was 70 miles from the ocean
Britain possessed natural resources

5. Economic advantages
Promotion of the Agricultural Revolution allowed for a larger population and labor force
Financial network of banks and credit institutions able to supply capital necessary for industrial enterprise

6. Political advantages
Through Parliament, mercantile and industrial interests enacted laws to promote commercial agriculture and laissez-faire policies
Supported development of the British navy and the acquisition of colonies

7. Social Advantages
Aristocrats and the middle class shared an interest in commerce and profit accumulation
Protestant dissenters were driven into commercial and industrial pursuits
Their dissenting academies emphasized practical and technical training

8. The Classical Economists
Articulated nature of a laissez-faire capitalist order
Thomas Malthus believed that food supplies could never keep up with population growth and there needed to be limits
David Ricardo introduced the Iron Law of Wages

9. Iron Law of Wages
In the short run, if the poor gained increased wages, they will produce more children, increasing the labor supply and driving down incomes
In the long run, humanity could not produce a higher standard of living

10. Textile Innovations
Textiles led the way during the Industrial Revolution
Several simple technologies paved the way for the first factories
Flying Shuttle – 1733
Spinning Jenny – 1768
Water Frame

11. Mule – 1780
Power Loom – 1785
By the middle of the 19th century, the entire textile industry had become mechanized
Britain established dominance in a key consumer item with its cheap, sturdy cotton cloth

12. Steam Power, Coal Mining, Iron and Railroads
James Watt, in partnership with Matthew Bolton, perfected the steam engine, which was essential to the development of the locomotive
Watt’s invention provided a much needed source of power for factories, which could now be located anywhere

13. Coal mining expanded significantly in G.B. in the 18th century
In 1709, the first blast furnace using coke could produce greater amounts of iron
Henry Cort pioneered the process that enabled factories to produce higher quality wrought iron
Soon all processes were consolidated under one roof

14. 18th century Britain witnessed a great age of canal building
Many of the first canals were privately funded, earning huge profits for investors
Railroads replaced canals as the most efficient form of transportation

15. At first, railways consisted of horse-drawn wagons over wooden rails
In 1804, Richard Trevithick designed and built the first steam powered locomotive
George Stephenson created a faster engine called “The Rocket”

16. Stephenson developed his engine specifically for the first railroad, the Stockton and Darlington
Other railroads soon popped up, providing cheaper goods and a new form of reliable passenger transportation
The great age of railroad building energized the production of iron, steam engines, and the mining of coal

17. The Factory System
First industrialists combined the role of inventor, entrepreneur, and manager
Early business grew out of partnerships and fed off borrowed funds
Industrialists realized the benefit of combining processes into one local

18. The first factories appeared in textile spinning in the 1780’s in the new industrial towns in the North, such as Manchester and Liverpool

19. Britain’s preeminence
By the mid 19th century, Britain had well established itself industrially
To celebrate its accomplishments, leaders organized the first World’s Fair in 1851 in London called the Crystal Palace Expedition