1. Section 31-4 “Immunity-Technology”

2. KEY CONCEPT Living in a clean environment and building immunity help keep a person healthy
Because pathogens can have such a negative effect on health, scientists have developed many ways to kill pathogens that our immune system might otherwise have a hard time fighting off. One way to prevent infection is to keep your environment clean. Cleaning can kill pathogens before they ever have a chance to enter your body and make you sick

3. Antibiotics and antiseptics cause pathogens to burst
Heat and chemicals kill pathogens that are outside of the body. Antiseptics are chemicals, such as soap, vinegar, and rubbing alcohol, that kill pathogens. Rubbing alcohol, for example, weakens cell membranes. Without a strong cell membrane, the microbe’s nutrients leak out, and the microbe bursts. Antiseptics are not specific, meaning that they can kill many different types of pathogens.
Antibiotics and antiseptics cause pathogens to burst

4. Once pathogens enter the body, sometimes they can be killed with medicines. Antibiotics are medicines that target bacteria or fungi and keep them from growing or reproducing. Antibiotics work in a variety of ways. For example, penicillin makes bacteria unable to form cell walls. The bacteria cannot divide successfully, and they burst. Other antibiotics stop pathogens from reproducing.

5. Unlike antiseptics, antibiotics target one type of bacterium or fungus
Unlike antiseptics, antibiotics target one type of bacterium or fungus. As antibiotic use has become more common, antibiotic resistant bacteria have evolved.
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria mutate so that they are no longer affected by antibiotics. Mutations make the bacteria resistant to the effects of antibiotics. When bacteria become resistant, scientists must find new medicines that can kill these mutant bacteria.

6. These bacteria spread the gene, making the antibiotics useless
Antibiotic resistance can cause medicines to become ineffective
Some bacteria in a population have genes that make them immune to antibiotics
These bacteria spread the gene, making the antibiotics useless
A bacterium carries genes for antibiotic resistance on a plasmid.
A copy of the plasmid is transferred through conjugation.
Resistance is quickly spread through many bacteria.

7. do not target specific pathogens examples include vinegar and soap
Antiseptics kill pathogens outside of the body
do not target specific pathogens
examples include vinegar and soap
Antibiotics kill pathogens inside the body
target one specific bacterium or fungus
not effective against viruses

8. Vaccines artificially produce acquired immunity
Vaccines also control pathogens and disease
given to prevent illness
contain the antigen of a weakened pathogen

9. stimulates a specific immune response
Vaccination provides immunity
stimulates a specific immune response
Antigens in a vaccine trigger an immune response, and memory B cells are made. 1
memory B cells
A memory B cell is stimulated when the real pathogen binds to it. 2
causes memory cells to be produced
The B cell quickly activates and makes antibodies that fight the pathogens before you get sick. 3
allows immune system to respond quickly to infection
has such a fast response, a person will not get sick

10. Stimulates a specific immune response
Causes memory cells to be produced
Allows immune system to respond to an infection without getting sick
Allows for a quick response to infection

11. 31-5 Overreactions of the Immune System
MAIN IDEA Allergies occur when the immune system responds to harmless antigens.
An allergy is an oversensitivity to a normally harmless antigen. When someone has an allergy, the immune system produces antibodies in response to an allergen.
Allergens are antigens that cause an allergic reaction.

12. an immune response to a normally harmless particle
Allergens
Proteins on the surface of particles that do not cause disease

13. Food Allergies
People with food allergies cannot eat some foods, such as milk, eggs, nuts, wheat, fish, or shellfish. If they do, their airways might swell up, making it difficult to breathe. Sometimes people with food allergies experience anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is an extreme inflammation response that makes blood vessels so leaky that oxygen-carrying blood cells leak out. Anaphylaxis can be deadly if not immediately treated.

14. Airborne allergens
Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, and dust mite droppings, can also make it difficult for someone to breathe. If they inhale one of these allergens, they might sneeze a lot. If they are very allergic, their airways could tighten

15. Allergic to Chemicals
Some people are allergic to chemicals. A person who is allergic to bee stings, for example, is allergic to the poison on the stinger. Others will break out in a rash if certain chemicals touch their skin.

16. Food Allergies
an immune response to a normally harmless particle
Allergens
Airborne
Allergies
Chemical Allergies
Proteins on the surface of particles that do not cause disease

17. In autoimmune diseases, white blood cells attack the body’s healthy cells.
Autoimmune diseases are those that occur when the immune system cannot tell the difference between the body’s healthy and unhealthy cells. Normally, immune system cells attack only foreign substances, such as pathogens and infected or abnormal cells. With autoimmune diseases, the body treats its own cells as though they are foreign invaders.

18. White blood cells cannot recognize healthy body cells
Autoimmune Disease
White blood cells attack healthy body cells
Tissue and systems fail because of white blood cell attack