1. Chapter 2: The Civil War

2. Charles vs. Parliament
Civil war - when people within a country are fighting each other
1642 – Charles began a conflict that would tear his country apart for 7 years
Both sides had to create an ‘army’

3. Charles’ army (Royalists)
Charles vs. Parliament
Charles’ army (Royalists)
Parliament’s army
- Many of them came from noble families (money to pay for weapons)
- Were local militia (citizens who are trained to act as soldiers in times of emergency)
- Were used to fighting and riding on horses
- Were farmers and townspeople
- Were called ‘Royalists’ or ‘Cavaliers’
- Most of their army had almost no military experience
- Included experienced commanders (good leaders)
- Had control over the navy

4. Civil War – Charles vs. Parliament
Charles was successful at first
He won many small battles
Parliament made an alliance with Scotland (who was building a more modern army)
The leader of this “New Model
Army” was Oliver Cromwell,
a puritan who sided with
parliament

5. Cromwell’s Army
Cromwell’s soldiers were called “Roundheads” (because they cut their hair very short compared to the Cavaliers who wore long curls)

6. Cromwell’s Army The Roundheads were: Highly disciplined
Usually very religious
Well-equipped
steel body-armor and
lobster-tail helmets

7. Charles vs. Parliament (and Cromwell’s Army)
The New Model Army defeated the Royalists at two important battles
Charles was forced to flee to Scotland
He was made a prisoner
He was handed over to parliament

8. The Rump Parliament
When the civil war had begun, many of the members of parliament who supported the king left parliament to fight with him
Parliament was left in the hands of Presbyterians and Puritans
They disagreed on many important matters

9. Presbyterians vs. Puritans
- Wanted churches to be organized so that people worshipped the same everywhere
- Wanted each church to run itself separately from the other churches
- Didn’t care if Charles stayed as king, as long as he agreed to ‘limited’ powers
Wanted to see the end of the monarchy (no more kings)

10. The Rump Parliament
Charles tried to play the two sides against each other
Was very dishonest with everybody
When rebellions broke out in support of the king, the parliamentary army sent soldiers to drive out the 143 Presbyterian members of parliament

11. The Rump Parliament
The parliament that was left (the Puritans) were called the “Rump Parliament”
They charged the king with treason (being disloyal to your country) and with making war on his own people
He was put on
trial for his life

12. The Trial of the King
Charles’ trial was strange, difficult and lengthy
In the end, he was found guilty and was sentenced to death
On the day of his execution, Charles dressed nicely and ate some food (he didn’t want to seem poor or afraid)
He was led onto a scaffold and executed (his head was cut off)

13. Charles’ Execution

14. CROMWELL’S COMMONWEALTH
Puritan rule.
No dancing. No newspapers. No theatres.
Army ruled.
Became unpopular.
Cromwell died in 1658.

15. LONG PARLIAMENT Parliament reconvened in 1660
Charles II was invited to be king with limited powers
Very popular decision

16. CHARLES II Feudal dues abolished. King paid from taxes.
Must respect the Magna Carta and Petition of Right.
Charles II leaned towards the Catholic church. Parliament did not. Charles urged religious tolerance.

17. Test Act 1673 Parliament passed Test Act.
Excluded all except Protestants from public office, the army, the navy and universities in England.

18. Whigs And Tories Whigs favoured parliament. Tories favoured the king.
Whigs tried to pass the Exclusion Act which excluded Catholics from the English throne. Did not succeed.
Introduced the “writ of habeas corpus”. Passed. (Produce the body - prisoners must be brought before a judge)

19. JAMES II James II became king in 1685
Placed Catholics in high offices in opposition to the Test Act.
Parliament took no action because they believed that his Protestant daughter Mary would succeed the throne.
1688 James second wife gave birth
to a son. (Mary was out.
Catholics were in.)

20. WILLIAM AND MARY
William, Mary’s husband invaded Britain in James II fled to France.
Parliament agreed to accept William as a king. He and Mary became monarchs.
The was called the Glorious Revolution
William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights. (Set down English liberties, ensured Parliaments rights.)

21. BILL OF RIGHTS
No laws could be suspended without the consent of parliament.
Taxes could not be raised without the consent of parliament.
Parliament must be summoned frequently.
The right of trial by jury
Outlawed cruel and unusual punishments.
Limited amount of bail.

22. PARLIAMENT Members not paid. Who could afford to run for parliament?
Act of Toleration stated that all Protestants could have the freedom of worship.
Act of Settlement: only Anglicans can inherit the throne.
What about Catholics?

23. Ireland and Scotland
1689 James II rebelled in Ireland. Defeated. Act of Settlement enacted.
Catholics could not buy or inherit land from Protestants.
Catholics could not be elected to Parliament.
Act of Union - Scotland united with England.

24. THE CABINET
Initially King William chose his advisors or ministers from both political parties (Whigs and Tories).
Members of the two parties did not get along. The king then chose the representatives from the majority party.

25. PRIME MINISTER
George I (Royal House of Hanover) was the closest Protestant heir upon the death of Queen Anne.
George I could speak only German.
Sir Robert Walpole became his chief advisor. (Although he was not called a Prime Minister, he is generally accepted as the first.)