1. Life in the Sea

2. Carbohydrate Elements: C, H, O Function: nutrients for cell/ energy
ex: sugar (simple) starch (complex)

3. Carbohydrate Monomer: monosaccharide (single units of sugar C6H12O6)
Carbon + water (H2O)
2:1 Hydrogen: Oxygen
-ose (sugar)
Glucose, fructose, galactose, amylose 1 3 2 5 12 4 7 5 9 6 11 3 6 8 10 4

4. Carbohydrate Disaccharide: two monomers put together
ex: maltose, lactose, sucrose

5. Carbohydrate Polysaccharides ex: starch (potato, pasta, rice, etc.)
“many”
Thousands of monomers linked together
ex: starch (potato, pasta, rice, etc.)

6. Carbohydrate: Polysaccharides
Cellulose
plant cell walls
Indigestible
Chitin
exoskeletons (shells)
Also found in fungi cell walls

7. Lipids Function: Energy storage ex: fat, wax, steroids, cell membranes
Elements: C, H, O
Function: Energy storage
ex: fat, wax, steroids, cell membranes

8. Lipids No monomers (no repeating of single units) hydrophobic
Functional group: carboxyl group

9. Lipids: Fats One glycerol
Fatty acids (carboxyl group + hydrocarbon chain)
Soap made from fatty acids

10. Lipids: Saturated Carbon chain with only single covalent bond
excludes double bond in carboxyl group
Hard at room temperature

11. Lipids: Unsaturated
Carbon chains with one (unsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) double bonds
excludes double bond in carboxyl group
“Kink”
Soft at room temperature

12. Lipids: Phospholipids
Polar, hydrophilic head
Non-polar hydrophobic tails
Found in cell membranes

13. Protein Characteristics/Functions
Antibodies for defense
Enzymes for catalyzing reactions
Made of 20 different amino acids
movement

14. Proteins Monomer: amino acids Functional group: Carboxyl group
Amino group
Central carbon
“R” group (variable)
Determines unique physical and chemical characteristics

15. Protein Structure Effected by temperature and pH
Shape determines its function
Folds in proteins aided by chaperone proteins

16. Nucleic Acids Elements: C, H, O, N, P
Function: genetic material/energy molecule
ex: DNA, RNA, ATP

17. Monomer: Nucleotide Phosphate group Sugar: Nitrogen Base:
ex: Deoxyribose
Nitrogen Base:
examples:
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

18. The Need for Classification
Three reasons for classifying organisms:
1. It helps identify the relationships between
organisms.
2. It requires scientists to clearly identify key characteristics of each organism.
3. It avoids confusion. Common names differ with cultures. Scientists
in the US and Japan can
identify exactly what
they are both talking
about by using the
species’ Latin name.
Latin is a dead language

19. Classification Taxa
An organism’s scientific name represents two taxa. They are:
1. Species – is the most specific of the taxa. Species is usually considered to be a group of organisms that can reproduce together.
2. Genus – is the taxon above species. Genus grouped species are considered to be closely related, i.e., there are 34 species of reef shark belonging to genus Carcharhinus.
Species are identified by referring to both the genus and the species, with the genus capitalized and the species name in lower case.

20. There are seven main taxa into which organisms are classified; from the general to specific:
Kingdoms are groups of phyla (plural of phylum).
Phylum (or division) is a group of classes.
Classes are groups of related orders.
Orders are groups of related families.
Families are groups of genera that share characteristics.
Genus (plural genera) groups species that are closely related.
Species is the Latin name for an individual organism.

21. Determining Taxa How organisms are classified:
Originally by using anatomical features.
The prevailing view now is that taxonomy generally reflects theoretical evolutionary relationships.
Classifying by anatomical features remains an important classification method. However, the study of genetics has become more important.

22. A common problem taxonomists have in classifying organisms is that some organisms
don’t fit neatly into defined classifications.
An organism can have characteristics that fit in
one and others that separate it from that same
classification.
The answer is to insert intermediate
classification levels.
By assigning superlevels to create new
higher divisions within a classification.
By assigning sublevels to create lower
divisions within a classification.

23. Six - Kingdom System and Three - Domain System
Until recently taxonomists recognized five kingdoms: kingdom Monera, kingdom Protista, kingdom Fungi, kingdom Plantae, and kingdom Animalia.
The six-kingdom system divides kingdom Monera into two new kingdoms: kingdom Eubacteria and kingdom Archaebacteria.

24. The three-domain system method is based on genetic and biochemical research.
Domain Archaea is composed of organisms scientists think evolved first.
In this system domain Eukarya includes the Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia kingdoms.

25. Old and Simple
Prokaryotes are among the most important of the primary producers in the ocean.
They don’t have the same complex internal membrane structure.
They lack chromosomes or a nucleus. Instead they have a ring of DNA or RNA.
They don’t have mitochondria and lack chloroplasts.
They are structurally simple – molecules are surrounded by a membrane and cell wall.
They are believed to be the oldest types of organisms – archaea originated 3.5 billion years ago.
Scientists think that the process of photosynthesis began with cyanophytes of domain Bacteria, an early prokaryote.

26. Archaea and Bacteria
Domain Archaea and domain Bacteria are best known for being extremophiles – living in environments that are inhospitable to most life.
Bacteria can do things no other known organisms can do:
Certain species can create organic nitrogen compounds by fixing inorganic nitrogen from the air – an essential element of life.
The most important bacteria are in the phylum Cyanophyta. Scientists think that these bacteria are crucial to life because:
Photosynthesis evolved in the cyanophytes.
Cyanophytes were the primary organisms that created the oxygen in the atmosphere.
Cyanophytes are among the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation.
Also, some scientists think we presently underestimate the role cyanophytes play in primary productivity. Their pigments can contribute to the color of other organisms.

27. A Broadly Applied Name
Algae is defined by taxonomists as those organisms that belong in one of seven specific phyla or divisions in kingdom Protista.
1. Chlorophyta
2. Rhodophyta
3. Phaeophyta
4. Dinophyta
5. Bacillariophyta
6. Euglenophyta
7. Chrysophyta

28. Phylum Bacillariophyta – The Diatoms
Phylum Bacillariophyta is made up of diatoms, the most productive phytoplankton.
These primary producers are a widely diverse group.
Between 5,000 to 50,000 species may make up this phylum.
Diatoms are larger than prokaryotes – from 20 to 80 microns across.
They have two-part silicon shells in an amazing array of shapes.
They are photosynthesizers that are relatively dormant during the winter months.
Diatoms reproduce quickly when sunlight levels rise and are thought to account for 25% of all the photosynthetic biomass on Earth.

29. Phylum Dinophyta – The Dinoflagellates
Dinoflagellates make up phylum Dinophyta (also called phylum Pyrrophyta or phylum Dinoflagellata).
In size they are 30 to 150 microns across and are the second most productive group of primary producers.
Symbiodinium are particularly important autotrophic dinoflagellates.
They live within the zooxanthellate coral polyps.
They provide their host with food via photosynthesis.
In return Symbiodinium get nitrogenous wastes from the coral.
These are the only coral that build massive coral reefs.
Without Symbiodinium, coral could not exist as we know it.
Without coral and coral reefs there would not be the unique organisms that make up the world’s most productive and beautiful ecosystems.

30. Phylum Chlorophyta – Green Algae
Phylum Chlorophyta is made up of the macro algae – a term that applies to several algae phyla, but refers to multicellular species like seaweed.
They share the same green color as land plants. Both green algae and land plants have:
Chlorophyll a – a pigment directly involved with photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll b – assists chlorophyll a in capturing light for use in photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll a and b absorb different colors of light, thus using light more efficiently.
Scientists think the presence of chlorophyll a and b has evolutionary significance. It may indicate that land plants evolved from green algae.
Green algae and land plants also have other pigments in common and have cell walls made of cellulose.

31. Phylum Rhodophyta – Red Algae
Red algae is red because they have pigments called phycoerythrins which give it their color.
This pigment has not been found in any other eukaryote, though it does exist in cyanophytes.
Phycoerythrins allow some red algae to live deeper than any other algae – some as deep as 200 meters (656 feet).
Red algae also has chlorophyll a, but not b.
Red algae is important to coral reefs because it is the cement that holds the coral reefs together.
Red algae species that live on coral reefs secrete a calcium carbonate shell.
Their secretions bond coral colonies and debris together which in turn holds the reef together.

32. Phylum Phaeophyta – Brown Algae
Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae), is more structurally complex. Many brown algae species have:
Holdfasts – anchor the algae to the bottom.
Leathery stipes – provide support like plant stems, but with no vascular system.
Blades – equivalent of leaves.
Pneumatocysts – gas filled float structures that lift the algae off the bottom and keep the blades close to the surface and sun.
Kelp is the largest of the brown algae.
Kelp is important because it is the foundation for many temperate coastal ecosystems.

33. Bioluminescence
light that is biologically produced and is caused when a light-emitting molecule, called luciferin, is mixed with an enzyme, luciferase, in the presence of oxygen.
Bioluminescence is actually quite common and almost all taxonomic groups of animals, and many plants, have some members that bioluminesce.
Planktonic dinoflagellates and bacteria are some of the most abundant creators of this biological light

34. Reasons for bioluminescence vary depending on the organism
escaping predators
obtaining prey
Attraction
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